Preparation for learning:

1. Preparation for learning: WITHOUT YOUR NOTES - Summarise the 6 factors involved in Hall’s fully social theory of deviance (with examples) The first team to complete this wins!!

2. Crime and Deviance Paper 3 – Crime and Deviance: Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control: Marxist Subcultural theory

3. Learning Objective: • To be able to describe and evaluate Marxist Subcultural theories of crime

4. Present new information: Move around each table and share your ideas – add them to your table Share your ideas with the class On your table – explain why you think Marxism can explain the rise in deviant subcultures. Use the following examples of some British youth subcultures to help you with this. Rockers Mods Hippies Teddy boys Skinheads Chavs

5. Marxist Subcultural Theory • Some Marxists have focused on working-class deviant subcultures, such as teddy boys (1950s), mods and rockers (1960s), skinheads (1970s), punks (late 1970s) and ravers (1980s/1990s). They suggest that these can be seen as a form of ideological resistance to the dominant adult value system shaped by middle-class and capitalist values.

6. Phil Cohen (1972) Studied 1970s skinheads and suggested that their style, which exaggerated working-class masculinity and aggression, was a symbolic reaction to the decline of the working-class community. Their clothes were similar to factory clothing that was worn earlier in the century and their football violence is said to reflect their attempts to reclaim territory. Dick Hebdige (1979) Studied punks in the late 1970s suggesting that they deliberately set out to shock the establishment and resist the dominant culture by using ordinary (reused) items such as safety pins and bin liners in their clothing and offensive images (swastika) or sexual bondage gear, to symbolically resist the dominant cultural values of the UK society of the time. Brake (1980) argues that the resistance at best is ‘magical’ i.e. it’s an illusion that appears to solve their problems when in reality it doesn’t; they will still end up being exploited by the ruling class. Hebdige points out that youth subcultures are only short-lived because of incorporation. This is the process where capitalism commercialises aspects of youth subcultural style which then strips them of their ideological significance: capitalism quickly commercializes aspects of youth cultural style, that is, puts them on sale, and strips them of their ideological significance so they become just another consumer item. Can you think of a study from your AS course (education) that illustrates this?

7. Apply: Watch the following videos on the rise of British youth subcultures and answer the following questions on your sheet: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSPloCOMExg • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-lykh6-Dc8

8. Evaluation (AO3): • When you evaluate you must be A,C,E! • A– Assumption of the theory • C – Criticism of this assumption • E – Example/ research to back up the criticism

9. Evaluation: • I am going to give you some evaluation points - in pairs you need to expand on these further – write these up into your booklet on page 18.

10. AO3 A • Marxists overemphasise the importance of class differences and neglect gender and ethnicity as influences on youth subculture • Blackman (1995) points out that there are many variables that influences the formation of subcultures. Can you think of any? • Thornton (1995) argues that there is no ‘real’ social class basis to subcultures and that these are simply a creation of the media. • This theory lacks empirical evidence. C E