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Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development

Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development. How does a preschool child’s body change?. What happens when children grow?. Body slims down – taller & thinner Center of gravity lowers Enables swinging, gymnastics, etc. 2 years old. 6 years old. How does nutrition effect children?.

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Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development

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  1. Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development How does a preschool child’s body change?

  2. What happens when children grow? • Body slims down – taller & thinner • Center of gravity lowers • Enables swinging, gymnastics, etc. 2 years old 6 years old

  3. How does nutrition effect children? • Overweight children • = overweight adults • Diabetes • Heart disease

  4. How do cavities & gum disease effect children? • Early tooth decay = most common disease in young children in developed countries • Harms permanent teeth • Jaw malformation, speech • Overall health

  5. Do you remember? • What body changes do children go through from 2 – 6 years old? • What is the effect of being overweight in young children? • What is the effect of poor dental hygiene in young children?

  6. What about brain development?

  7. Myelination • Myelin coating of axons • Speeds brain processing • Focused on the motor and sensory areas

  8. Corpus callosum • Connects right and left hemispheres • Increases coordination • Increases communication between both sides of the brain • Lateralization • Each side specializing

  9. Left hemispherecontrols right side • Left is language & speech • Left is logical • Detailed analysis • Detail focused

  10. Right hemisphere controls left side • Creative • Emotional • Big picture focused

  11. All thinking required both sides of the brain

  12. Prefrontal cortex • “Executive” brain • Planning, analyzing, prioritizing • Immaturity = Impulsiveness & tendency to persevere (keep repeating) • E.g. “Are we there yet?” • Longest period of development • Matures during adolescence

  13. Do you remember? • What does myelination do? • What does the corpus callosum do? • What do the left and right hemispheres do? • What does the prefrontal cortex do?

  14. Emotions • Based on the limbic system • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Hypothalamus • Aid in emotional expression and control

  15. Amygdala • Registers positive & negative emotions • Related to night terrors • Children model after parents

  16. Hippocampus • Memory • Can work with amygdala to recall emotions

  17. Hypothalamus • Produces hormones to activate parts of the body in response to signals from the amygdala and hippocampus. • E.g. stress and the fight or flight syndrome

  18. Motor skills • Gross • Large muscles • E.g. riding a bike, swinging, kicking a ball • Fine • Small muscles • Writing, drawing, pouring juice • Girls tend to develop 6 mos. Earlier than boys

  19. Do you remember? • What does the limbic system do? • What produces emotions? • What helps with memory? • What helps you in “fight or flight” situations? • What are gross and fine motor skills?

  20. Injuries and abuse

  21. Three levels of prevention for avoidable injuries • Primary prevention • Preventing a high risk situation from ever existing • E.g. Sidewalks and overpasses • Secondary prevention • Reducing the risk in an existing high risk situation • Salt on roads • Crossing guards • Tertiary prevention • Reducing damage after injury • Emergency room procedures • HEPA filters for children with asthma

  22. What are the types of child maltreatment? • Child abuse • Deliberate physical, emotional, or sexual harm • Child neglect • Failure to meet physical or emotional needs • Law required reporting suspected maltreatment Abuse Neglect

  23. What are the symptoms of maltreatment? • Injuries • Fantasy play – violence & sexual • Hostility • Impulsive reactions • E.g. Cringing • Fear of caregiver • Hypervigilance

  24. Do you remember? • What are the three levels of prevention of childhood injuries? • Give examples of each • Which level pf prevention reduces injury after injury? • What is the difference between child abuse and child neglect? • Give examples of each • What symptoms would you look for in children you suspect of maltreatment?

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