Section II – Sleep and Dreams Objective - Describe the stages of

1. Section II – Sleep and Dreams • Objective - Describe the stages of • sleep and list possible • sleep problems.

2. KEY TERMS: • ________________ - a regular sequence of biological • processes, such as temperature and • sleep, that occurs every 24 hours. • ________________ - stage of sleep characterized by rapid • eye movements and linked to • dreaming. • ________________ - sleep disorder characterized by • recurring problems falling asleep or • staying asleep. • ________________ - sleep disorder characterized by high • arousal and apparent terror. Unlike • nightmares, these are seldom • remembered.

3. _______________ - sleep disorder in which breathing is • interrupted. • _______________ - uncommon sleep disorder characterized • by brief attacks of REM sleep, often at • inopportune times.

4. II. Sleep and Dreams • * Much of how people, animals, and plants • function is governed by circadian rhythms aka • biological clocks. • - Sequence of changes in blood pressure, • temperature, and sleepiness/ • wakefulness in a 24-hour period. • - Most studied is the sleep/wake cycle. • A. Stages of sleep • 1. Defined in terms of brain wave patterns. • a. Beta waves – emitted by the brain • when we are awake and alert. • b. Alpha Waves – when we relax and become • drowsy. • c. Theta Waves - light sleep

5. d. Delta waves – deep sleep; includes REM. • 2. Sleep falls into 5 stages: • a. Stage 1 – lightest sleep. If woken up, we • tend to remember our dreams. • b. Stage 2 – 4 – Periods of deepest sleep, stage • 4 being most deep. Stage 4 is • also the hardest to wake • someone from. • c. Stage 5 – Blood pressure rises, breathing • becomes irregular, and the heart • beats faster. REM sleep. • 3. During a typical night, a person will go through the • sleep cycle about 5 times.

6. B. Reasons for sleep 1. rest 2. build resistance to infection 3. recover from stress 4. Some experiments have shown that lack of REM sleep has resulted in slower learning, and also these people forget more rapidly what has been learned. 5. Other research suggests that REM sleep may help brain development in infants. C. Dreams 1. Freud’s View – dreams reflect a person’s unconscious wishes and urges. a. Some unconscious wishes may be unacceptable . *These are the ones expressed in your dreams, not always directly.

7. 2. Biophysical approach • a. Dreams begin with biological, not • psychological activity. • b. During sleep, there are random neuron • bursts the brain makes sense of by creating a • story (dream). • c. Explains why people dream about events • that took place earlier in the day.

8. D. Sleep Problems • 1. Insomnia • a. The inability to sleep or stay asleep. • b. People who are more likely to worry or have • “racing minds” at bedtime. • c. Techniques recommended by psychologists • include: • *Tense muscles one at a time and release • them one at a time to release tension. • *Avoid worrying in bed. • *Establish a regular routine, especially for • getting up and going to bed. • *Use pleasant images or daydreams to • relax.

9. 2. Nightmares and Night Terrors • a. Upsetting events can cause nightmares. • *Anxiety and depression can cause them • too. • b. Night Terrors are similar to but more severe • than nightmares. • *Racing heart, gasping for air • *Suddenly sit up, talk incoherently, or • thrash about. • *Do not fully wake up. • *Not usually remembered. • c. Night terrors tend to occur during deep • sleep; nightmares take place during REM • sleep. • 3. Sleepwalking

10. 4. Sleep Apnea • a. Breathing interruption during sleep. • b. Breathing does not automatically restart. • *Person sits up or gasps for air. • c. Often feel tired during the day. • d. Happens because air passages are blocked. • e. May be linked to Sudden Infant Death • Syndrome (SIDS). • 5. Narcolepsy • a. People suddenly fall asleep for no apparent • reason. • b. Danger exists when these people are driving • or operating machinery.