the LATINO movement

1. the LATINO movement 1960S HISTORY  OTHER SOCIAL MOVEMENTS SALSBERRY

2. LATINOS IN AMERICA THE LATINO PRESENCE GROWS • In the 1960s, the Latino population in the United States grew from 3 million to more than 9 million. • People from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Central America, and South America. Map of Latin America

3. LATINOS IN AMERICA WHY DID THEY COME HERE? • Better paying jobs • To be braceros(temporary laborers) • Freedom from a corrupt government • Escaping Civil War • Escaping chronic poverty Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia

4. BRACEROS Braceroson a train from Mexico City headed for the United States

5. LATINOS IN AMERICA WHERE WERE THEY IN THE U.S.? • Southwest • East Coast HOW WERE THEY TREATED IN THE U.S.? • Faced ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing. • Most lived in segregated barrios (Spanish-speaking neighborhoods). • The Latino jobless rate was nearly 50% higher than that of whites

6. LATINOS FIGHT FOR CHANGE THE FARM WORKER MOVEMENT • Thousands of Latinos did backbreaking work for little pay and few benefits. • A lot of them wanted to unionize (bargain as a group) • What they wanted • Equal opportunities • Better employment opportunities • Better working conditions • Respect for their culture and heritage • Assimilation (to become a part of the dominant culture)

7. CÉSAR CHÁVEZ LEADER OF THE FARM WORKER MOVEMENT • Urged California farm workers to unionize and group together • Merged with the Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) • Led a boycott against California grape growers • Believed in using non-violence

8. STRATEGIES STRATEGIES USED BY THE FARM WORKER MOVEMENT • Marched • Picketed • Went on strike • Fasted • Boycotted

9. SUPPORTERS SUPPORTERS OF THE UFWOC • Other union members • Teenagers • Senator Robert F. Kennedy Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Cesar Chavez

10. PRIDE AND POWER CULTURAL PRIDE • The activities of the California farm workers helped to inspire other Latino “brown power” movements. • School walkouts • Some of these movements were militant • Federal Alliance of Land Grants • Brown Berets Above: the Brown Berets lead a school walkout for more cultural classes Left: “Chicano” was a shortening of Mexicano”

11. PRIDE AND POWER POLITICAL POWER • As a result of this new respect, 8 Hispanic Americans served in the House and 1 Hispanic American served in the Senate during the 1960s • Some worked within the system • Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) • Others created their own system • La RazaUnida (The People United) ¡El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!

12. the native-AMERICAN movement 1960S HISTORY  OTHER SOCIAL MOVEMENTS SALSBERRY

13. NATIVE AMERICANS IN AMERICA HOW WE SAW THEM

14. NATIVE AMERICANS IN AMERICA THE REALITY • Hundreds of distinct tribes • What they all shared was a bleak existence in the U.S. • Poorest Americans; highest unemployment rate • Death rate was nearly twice the national average Indian Reservation

15. BACKGROUND OF THE MOVEMENT 1954 “INDIAN TERMINATION POLICY” • Indians were relocated from isolated reservations into mainstream American life • Terrible failure • Completely ignored the sovereignty (right to independent authority) of the different tribes • What else did they ignore?

16. BACKGROUND OF THE MOVEMENT 1961 DECLARATION OF INDIAN PURPOSE • Stressed determination • Ended termination program • Wanted to create economic opportunities for Native Americans on their reservations 1968 NATIONAL COUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITY • Promised to ensure that progress and reform would be made

17. AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) 1968 AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT • Militant organization • Self-defense group against police brutality • Branched out to include protecting rights • Youth movement “Remember Wounded Knee”

18. THE MOVEMENT WHAT PROBLEMS THEY SAW • Unhappy with the lack of reform • Lack of autonomy (ability to control and govern one’s own life) GOALS • Self determination • They did not want to assimilate / become part of the dominant culture. • Take back Native American lands (for some) • They wanted respect for their culture Self determination – is it a right or how it ought to be?

19. MILITANT ACTIONS 1972 TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES • Washington D.C. • Protesting U.S. government’s treaty violations throughout history • Wanted the restoration of 110 million acres of land • Wanted to get rid of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) • Caused $2 million in damage

20. OCCUPATIONS Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1973)

21. OCCUPATIONS Alcatraz Island (1968)

22. VICTORIES LEGISLATIVE VICTORIES • 1972 Indian Education Act • 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act • These acts gave tribes greater control over their own affairs and over their children’s education. LAND CLAIM VICTORIES • New Mexico • Sacred Blue Lake • 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act • $962 million in cash • 40 million acres

23. LEGACY 1979 Maine Implementing Act provides $81.5 million for native tribes, including Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, to buy back land 1988 U.S. awards Puyallup tribe $162 million for land claims in Washington 1980 U.S. awards Sioux $106 million for illegally taken land in South Dakota