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M. Reeks 1 and T. Haste 2,1

SARNET – Severe Accident Research Network University of Manchester School of Mechanical Engineering, G. Begg Building CFD Workshop on Test-Cases, Databases & BPG for nuclear power plants applications 16 th July 2008. M. Reeks 1 and T. Haste 2,1. 1 University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne

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M. Reeks 1 and T. Haste 2,1

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  1. SARNET – Severe Accident Research NetworkUniversity of Manchester School of Mechanical Engineering, G. Begg BuildingCFD Workshop on Test-Cases, Databases & BPGfor nuclear power plants applications16th July 2008 M. Reeks1 and T. Haste2,1 1University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 2PSI Villigen, Switzerland,

  2. INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW • SARNET is a Network of Excellence in the Nuclear Fission area of the EU 6th Framework Programme, with the general aim of integrating in a sustainable manner European research on severe accident phenomenology in light water reactors • The network started in April 2004 and will finish in September 2008; a successor project is being negotiated for a further 4 years in the 7th Framework programme • After a brief summary of project organisation and aims, this presentation indicates how CFD methods are used in the project overall, with focus on the Source Term area, that studies the release and transport of radioactive fission products from the reactor core to the environment T Albiol et al. ‚ SARNET: Severe Accident Research Network of Excellence, ICONE15, Nagoya, Japan, April 2007

  3. SevereAccidentResearchNETwork of excellence Currently: • 18 European Countries andCanada • 51 organizations • 19 Research organizations • 10 Universities • 11 Industry organizations • 4 Electricity producers • 7 Safety authorities and technical support organisations • More than 230 researchers • About 20 PhD students SARNET • 800 to 900 person-months per year • About 10M€ effort per year (1.6M€ funded by the EC per year) www.sar-net.org

  4. MAIN OBJECTIVES SARNET OBJECTIVES • Resolution of still pending issues important for reactor safety • Optimised use of available resources and competences on severe accidents throughout Europe • Knowledge transfer for safety application • Perpetuate the competence on severe accidents • Encapsulation of the knowledge base on severe accidents through the lumped-parameter ASTEC code • this program calculates the progress of severe accidents in light water reactors from initiating event through to release of radioactive fission products to the environment • it enables the results of the scientific research to be used in reactor applications

  5. ORGANISATION SARNET ACTIVITIES • SARNET is organised into a number of work packages covering • integrating activities (such as research prioritisation, database management, ASTEC development) • jointly executed scientific research (focussed on corium, containment and source term matters), and • spreading of excellence (such as organisation of training courses and mobility of researchers) • CFD is one of a number of analysis methods used in the jointly-executed scientific research (‘topical’) areas • used in all these areas, but mainly for containment and source term studies

  6. WORK PACKAGES Integrating activities Jointly executed research activities Spreading of excellence activities WP 2 : USTIA ASTEC Users Support and Training, Integration, and Adaptation WP 3 : PHYMA ASTEC PHYsical Model Assessment WP 4 : RAB ASTEC Reactor Application Benchmarking WP 1 : ACT Development of an Advanced Communication Tool WP 6 : IED Implementation of Experimental Database WP 7 : SARP Definition of Severe Accident Research Priorities WP 8 : IA Integration Assessment WP 9,10,11 : CORIUM Early phase core degradation Late phase core degradation Ex-vessel corium recovery WP 17 : ET Education and Training WP 18 : BOOK Book on severe accident phenomenology WP 19 : MOB Mobility programme WP 12,13 : CONTAINMENT Hydrogen behaviour Fast Interaction in Containment WP 14,15,16 : SOURCE TERM FP Release and Transport Aerosol Behaviour impact on Source Term Containment Chemistry impacton Source Term WP 20 : Management WP 5 : PSA2 Level 2 PSA methodology and advanced tools

  7. DATABASE CPA-THY SYSINT DIVA Containment Thermal hydraulics Safety system management dt CPA-AFP ELSA IODE Aerosols and FP in containment ISODOP CESAR Radioactivity in Containment dt SOPHAEROS SOPHAEROS Aerosols and FP In the reactor circuits ELSA dt FP relaese Dt RUPUICUV dt DIVA MEDICIS/WEX Core degradation dt dt CPA-THY CESAR Circuit Thermalhydraulics CPA-AFP dt IODE dt RUPUICUV ISODOP MEDICIS/WEX Molten core ejection And direct heating Of containment Molten core concrete interaction dt SYSINT ASTEC • Integral numerical simulation of reactor accident with core melting (Severe Accidents) • IRSN-GRS property : ~ 10 m-y/y in charge of software development and user support • Has been distributed to 26 SARNET organizations • SARNET scientists support for model improvement and physical assessment: • ASTEC capitalizes, in terms of models, all the knowledge produced in the frame of the Network • 40 trained users contribute to joint validation programme (mobilizes around 20 m-y/year) • One major version delivered in July 2005 (V1.2) • Size: ~ 350 000 instructions • Speed: ~ 3-10 hours to compute 24 h of transients • ASTEC integrates the technical knowledge in SARNET

  8. USE OF CFD - GENERAL USE OF CFD METHODS IN SARNET • CFD is used in a number of applications, such as • design of experiments • interpretation of experimental results • plant studies, e.g. to determine the parameter ranges for separate-effect tests • benchmarking system-level codes, in this case principally ASTEC • one also notes use in reactor applications outside SARNET to look at detailed aspects where lumped-parameter methods are not sufficient, e.g. where 3-D flows are important, CFD results can be used to guide the use of lumped parameter codes regarding noding, X-flow resistances, other tuneable parameters etc. • Validation of CFD methods and development of best practice per se are not main aims within SARNET • the codes are applied rather than developed and validated, and the users are assumed to know how to use their codes effectively • note also the CFD activities within OECD/NEA/GAMA, http://www.nea.fr/html/nsd/csni/cfd.htm, with best practice guidelines, http://www.nea.fr/html/nsd/docs/2007/csni-r2007-5.pdf, these are not within SARNET but many of the same organisations are involved

  9. USE OF CFD – CONTAINMENT STUDIES CONTAINMENT STUDIES • Examples are: • Interpretation of results from the TOSQAN and MISTRA tests on influence of containment sprays on the atmosphere behaviour (depressurisation, gas mixing), comparison of LP and CFD methods, see also OECD International Standard Problem 47 report http://www.nea.fr/html/nsd/docs/2007/csni-r2007-10.pdf • Investigation of processes inside passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) using data from the REKO-3 facility, influence on the containment atmosphere and of steam condensation, hydrogen recombination, effects of steam and oxygen depletion • Investigation of hydrogen combustion using data from the ENACCEF facility, effect of concentration gradients on flame acceleration/deceleration H Wilkening et al. ‚ European Research on Issues concerning Hydrogen Behaviour in Containment within the SARNET Network of Excellence, ICAPP’08, Anaheim, USA, June 2008

  10. USE OF CFD – CONTAINMENT STUDIES H Wilkening et al. ‚ op cit.

  11. USE OF CFD – SOURCE TERM STUDIES SOURCE TERM STUDIES • Examples are: • Reactor calculations in combination with other codes such as the LP programs ICARE/CATHARE and ASTEC to determine gas flows and compositions that may result from air ingress into the vessel following hot leg and lower head breach (EdF, IRSN), determining conditions for separate-effect tests on air oxidation of fuel and cladding • Design calculations for facilities investigating the dynamic chemical interactions of iodine-containing and ruthenium-containing species in the primary circuit under severe accident conditions (IRSN, VTT) • Interpretation of circuit chemistry aspects of the Phebus-FPT2 integral in-reactor experiment on core degradation, and fission product release and transport, and behaviour in-containment (IRSN) • Interpretation of an integral ThAI experiment (Becker Technologies) on iodine behaviour in-containment coupled with thermal hydraulic and aerosol aspects, in the frame of a SARNET benchmark led by GRS with contributions from GRS, IRSN and AECL • Investigation of results of the RECI experiments (IRSN) on the effects of PARs on airborne iodine in the containment (IRSN, Demokritos, et al.)

  12. USE OF CFD – SOURCE TERM STUDIES SATURNE calculation of flows in the lower head and cavity under air ingress conditions (EdF) A Auvinen et al. ‚ Progress on Ruthenium Release and Transport under Air Ingress Conditions, ERMSAR2007, FZ Karlsruhe, June 2007

  13. USE OF CFD – SOURCE TERM STUDIES Illustrations of the ThAI facility http://www.becker-technologies.com/web-e/html/Reaktorsicherheit/thai-anlagen.html

  14. CONCLUSIONS CONCLUDING REMARKS • CFD methods have an important role within SARNET for support of experiments, in plant studies and for benchmarking more detailed models, for example in the major European severe accident analysis code ASTEC, that is a main product of the network • The focus is on application rather than on development and validation • The applications are mainly in the areas of containment studies, and in source term research • It is expected that CFD methods will continue to be used in the follow-on SARNET2 project in the 7th Framework programme, subject to the satisfactory outcome of negotiations with the EC that are currently in progress The authors thank the European Commission for funding SARNET, in the 6th Framework Programme area “Nuclear Fission: Safety of Existing Nuclear Installations”, under contract number FI6O-CT-2004-509065.

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