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PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION

PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION. A PILOT CITIZEN REPORT CARD IN ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA. THE BACKDROP. 2002 ZPRP – Strong Emphasis on participatory poverty monitoring Stakeholder consultations (Nov.2002 &Jan.2003)  focus on Implementation Four tools identified – PPER, PPET, PORT & CRC.

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PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION

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  1. PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION A PILOT CITIZEN REPORT CARD IN ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  2. THE BACKDROP • 2002 ZPRP – Strong Emphasis on participatory poverty monitoring • Stakeholder consultations (Nov.2002 &Jan.2003)  focus on Implementation • Four tools identified – PPER, PPET, PORT & CRC Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  3. HOW WAS THE PILOT DESIGNED? • Tool identified after a review of international best practices • Technical expertise provided by the pioneers of citizen report cards • Emphasis on building local capacities & competencies • Creation of a broad-based Implementation Consortium to “drive” and “own” the processes locally • Strategic entry through a Pilot in 2 sectors Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  4. WHAT WERE THE KEY STAGES IN THE PSDA? • Assessment of the feasibility of PSDA • Identification of sectors & areas • Identification of key issues through focus groups • Design of the survey instrument • Capacity building training intervention • Conduct of survey • Analysis & Reporting • Strategizing Reforms & Institutionalization Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  5. PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION IN ZANZIBAR THE METHODOLOGY Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  6. COVERAGE Two districts were covered • West district in Unguja • Chake Chake district in Pemba • Purposively selected to capture urban and rural characteristics and regional variations Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  7. Micheweni Wete ChakeChake Mkoani Kaskazini 'A' Kaskazini 'B' Magharibi Mjini Kati Kusini A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS… Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  8. SAMPLE SELECTION • 35 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were selected, 21 from West district and 14 from Chake Chake district • 1015 households selected from two districts - 609 households in Unguja and 406 in Pemba. • 29 households were interviewed in each selected Enumeration Area Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  9. FIELD INSTRUMENTS • Listing Form • Survey Questionnaire • Instruction Guide & Scrutiny Manual Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  10. LISTING EXCERCISE • PSDA listing exercise was carried out from 8th – 10th December, 2003 • Listing exercise determined the frame that was used to select the households for interviews • Households listed were those who have children aged 7-15 and studying in primary school Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  11. THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE • 3 SECTIONS - Identification section (location, details of interview) - socio economic profile (age, gender, educational status) - feedback on services (access, use, quality, costs, reliability) • Scales – Satisfaction with services Satisfied Dissatisfied Don’t Know Highly SatisfiedHighly Dissatisfied SatisfiedDissatisfied Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  12. TRAINING FOR BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITY • A Training Workshop for 30 participants was held during 24-29 December 2003. • Training was carried out by consultants from Public Affairs Foundation (PAF) India. Participants were as follows: • 3 from Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs • 10 from Office of Chief Government Statistician • 13 from Consortium of NGOs • 2 members from Information, Education and Communication(IEC) Technical Working Group • 2 members from the two sectors - Water and Education • In addition to the conceptual inputs, two field practicals on interviewing were held in Bwejuu village in order to build capacity for the field staff. Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  13. FIELD STAFF • 1 project Coordinator (OCGS) • 2 Supervisors (OCGS) –Unguja & Pemba • 16 field enumerators (8 from Consortium of NGOS and 8 from OCGS) Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  14. PSDA ENUMERATION • The survey was carried out from 3rd –14th January 2004 • Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) Coordinated the entire field operation • Care taken to ensure quality control Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  15. LESSONS FROM THE FIELD EXCERCISE • Since the questions were straightforward and easy to understand, the respondents were willing to cooperate and respond to the questions properly. • The exercise has raised lots of expectations. Respondents have high hopes to get redress to pressing problems. • All participants found the new experience with the Citizen Report Card to be very stimulating and empowering. Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  16. And some PROBLEMS… • Due to the lack of previous experiences with similar surveys, certain problems did arise while filling out the schedules – e.g., skip patterns and proper coding ( More days for training are needed) Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  17. DATA PROCESSING • Data Processing stage included development of a customized program, manual editing, data entry, cleaning and tabulation – coordinated by the OCGS • Data analysis was carried out with the support of consultants from Public Affairs Foundation, Bangalore Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  18. PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION IN ZANZIBAR KEY FINDINGS – DRINKING WATER Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  19. DRINKING WATER • What is the reach of Government pipe water supply? • Reaches 77% of the households • Reach better in West (86%) as compared to CC(64%) • Common tap most used (43%), followed by household connection (34%) and Wells (14%) • 90% of common tap users report availability within 300m • Affordability (54%) quoted as the main reason for not opting for household connection • 63% of women headed households find affordability a major issue, as compared to 51% of male headed HHs Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  20. DRINKING WATER (Contd..) • How does the rest manage? • High dependence on unprotected sources like wells (18%) • Dependence of unprotected sources a big issue in CC (34%) • Main demographic group with no access to govt. water are farmers; 26% depend on unprotected wells • 60% of users of common sources make more than 5 trips to collect drinking water • More than one-third of the users of unprotected wells travel more than 300m to collect water; 10% for users of common taps Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  21. DRINKING WATER(contd..) • Who collects the water from alternate sources? • Adult females (29%) & girls (18%) are the two groups regularly fetching water; adult males (9%) & boys (11%) • 50% of all those fetching water from a distance beyond 300m are adult females & girls Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  22. DRINKING WATER(contd..) • How difficult is it secure a HH connection? • Domestic connections can be easily secured; very few reported facing problems (6%). • How adequate is the Public water Supply? • 61% of household connections report daily water supply; West reports more (77%) compared to CC(31%). • 88% of those receiving daily water supply report >10hrs of availability • 70% of users find water from domestic connection adequate to meet daily requirements; CC reports a lower proportion (59%) Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  23. DRINKING WATER(contd..) • How do people cope with seasonal scarcity? • One in two respondents (51%) experience seasonal scarcity • 41% forced to shift out of their regular source; high in CC (56%) as compared to West (37%) • Users of domestic connection face greater scarcity (56%) as compared to those using common taps (49%) • Highest scarcity experienced by users of unprotected wells (62%) • The major point of shift during scarcity is towards unprotected wells; 27% of domestic connections, 28% using common taps and 86% using unprotected wells shift to other unprotected wells. • 26% of HHs collect water from a distance of >300m during scarcity as compared to 15% during normal conditions Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  24. THE TRANSITION MATRIX Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  25. DRINKING WATER(contd..) • How reliable is the Public Water Supply? • Breakdowns confront many households (77%) • 21% of domestic connections report breakdowns at least once a month • Frequent breakdowns are more in CC (32%) as compared to West (16%) • 70% of problems attended to within a week • In case of problems, more than one-third (37%) prefer not to contact any official; 28% prefer department officials & 9% private technicians Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  26. DRINKING WATER(contd..) • How satisfied are people with public water supply? • In general, satisfaction with quantity of water is less for all the sources as compared to quality • Across different sources, users of domestic connections and common taps give comparatively higher scores for quality & quantity • Dissatisfaction with the quantity of water from domestic connections is markedly high in CC (42%) as compared to West(22%) • Scarcity has a strong impact on satisfaction. 95% of dissatisfied users of domestic connections and 82% of dissatisfied users of common taps also reported scarcity. Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  27. DRINKING WATER(contd..) • How Involved is the Community in maintaining the public water sources? • 58% of users report involvement. 44% in the form of financial contributions, 20% as labour & 36% as a combination of both • How willing are users to pay for better services? • 65% of all users of public water facilities report willingness to pay • The median value works out to Tsh. 1000 per month; 91% prefer monthly payments • Willingness to pay is reported more in West (72%) as compared to CC (52%) Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  28. DRINKING WATER(contd..) • What are the major suggestions from citizens to improve services? • Check/penalise illegal connections • More public standpipes in rural areas • Repair/replacement of main water lines to control leakages • Minimise connection charges for HH taps • Timing & duration of water supply to be notified in advance • Charge use of water & link payments to minimum standards Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  29. POLICY POINTERS • Extending the reach of water supply network may face technical & cost constraints as excluded segments may be living in scattered settlements • A high priority may be accorded to increase coverage under HH taps to ease the burden on women & children • Issue of affordability need to be addressed through a mix of motivation & targeted subsidies. Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  30. POLICY POINTERS • The biggest challenge is in addressing scarcity. Investments in improving the safety of wells will benefit a large number of HHs • The willingness of users to pay for better services requires closer examination. Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  31. PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION IN ZANZIBAR KEY FINDINGS – PRIMARY EDUCATION Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  32. PRIMARY EDUCATION • What is the reach of government schools? • 97% of primary school going children attend a government institution • Very few cases of dropouts (2%); however, 12% have not attended school – CC reports a higher figure (15%) compared to 09% in West • 45% can access a primary school within 1 km from home • A larger proportion in CC (17%) travel beyond 2 kms to attend schools as compared to 10% in West Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  33. PRIMARY EDUCATION (Contd.) • How do people find the quality of primary education? • Attendance of teachers (91%) and students (98%) reported to be regular • Free textbooks and notebooks are available only to a small segment (34% & 3% respectively); issue of free textbooks a bigger concern in West (28%) as compared to CC (44%) • While availability of toilets is good (97%), availability of libraries (34%) are rated poorly – 8% in CC as compared to 50% in West. • Two-thirds (66%) find school committees functional; higher proportion in West (74%) as compared to CC (54%) Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  34. PRIMARY EDUCATION(Contd.) • What are the costs incurred in using primary schools? • 98% pay fees or contributions; the largest proportion goes towards building (73%), 31% towards teaching aids and 8% towards furniture • These contributions work out to an average of Tsh.289 per month • 61% of this payment was demanded by the authorities • 15% of primary school going children attend private tuitions; insistence of teachers (18%) and inadequate coverage of syllabus (17%) quoted as main reasons • Inadequate coverage of syllabus - West (24%), while nearly one third in CC - teachers insisted on private tuitions (30%) Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  35. PRIMARY EDUCATION (Contd.) • How satisfied are parents with Primary Education? • Satisfaction with behaviour of teachers (88%), school building (86%) and quality of teaching (82%) quite high • Satisfaction significantly declines in relation to recreational facilities (21%) and quality of study materials (37%) • A higher proportion in West (20%) expressed dissatisfaction with adequacy of teachers as compared to 10% in CC Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  36. PRIMARY EDUCATION(Contd.) • What are the major suggestions from citizens to improve services? • Need to reduce overcrowding • Minimise forced contributions – stick to the concept of free primary education • Need to retain experienced teachers in rural areas • Health check up facilities in schools • Village Development Committees should focus more on rural education needs • Curriculum needs to reflect life skills • Strict terms to prohibit teachers & students from involving in politics Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  37. POLICY POINTERS • Gap/delay in enrolment may be addressed through motivational campaigns • Wider awareness among parents about incentives & closer monitoring • Additional investment on support facilities like libraries • Early warning signs on adequacy of teachers Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  38. Feasibility of CRCs in Zanzibar • Reliable feedback on service quality can be generated through this process • Feedback focuses attention on key aspects of service delivery that need to be addressed • CRC is seen as a feasible good practice by the Government of Zanzibar • Discussions & Survey had participation and cooperation from all segments of the population, including the poor • Local institutions, within government & outside have gathered enough capacity to carry out most of the tasks in a CRC • The approach can be repeated to benchmark and monitor service improvements overtime • The process can be adapted to other services and an serve as a trigger for reforms Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  39. THE POST SCRIPT… • Immediate Spin-Offs – UNDP SGP for Restoration of Wells • Strong Demand from the Health Sector – WHO & Ministry • Strong Demand from Donors to scale up for the entire province • Recommendations to fine tune the instrument & include case studies Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

  40. Thank You! Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR

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