Chapter 10 The Eastern Hemisphere A.D. 1000-1500

1. Chapter 10The Eastern HemisphereA.D. 1000-1500

2. The East • From 1000 to 1500, connections between Africa, Asia, and Europe increased dramatically • Though they had different cultures, all three continents were linked by a complex pattern of trade routes

3. Major Trade Routes • Four major trade routes connected the continents during this era: • The Silk Road • The Indian Ocean trade network • The Trans-Saharan caravan route • The Mediterranean trade network

4. The Silk Road • The Silk routes across Asia to the Mediterranean basin • It was used heavily by 100 B.C., and continued to carry trade up to the 17th Century

6. Indian Ocean Trade Network • Although many Asian goods traveled along the Silk Road, just as many traveled by sea. Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean • Ships linked the coastal areas of East Africa, Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, SE Asia, and China

8. The Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes • By 2500 B.C. the Saharan region had begun to dry up, becoming a major obstacle for travelers • Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa • Caravan routes had been established to navigate the Sahara by 1000 A.D. • Salt from the Saharan region was traded for gold from the Niger River Basin

10. The Mediterranean Trade Network • The Mediterranean Sea connected Europe to the other trade networks • Europe became connected to the Byzantine and Muslim Empires • Through those empires, Europe was connected with Russia, India, and China

11. The Mediterranean Trade Network • Mediterranean trade was dominated by Italian merchants • These merchants helped to bring knowledge and learning back to Europe, beginning a period called the Renaissance

13. Other Trade Networks • Northern and Eastern Europe were connected to the other trade routes thanks to the Black Sea • Rivers and seas were the usual method of trade in Western Europe • The lands of SE Asia were connected to China through the South China Sea

15. Continental Interaction • By 1000 A.D., the Eastern Hemisphere was highly connected thanks to trade • The three continents shared goods, ideas, technology, and religions • Trade had increased for two reasons: • Improved transportation • Peace and stability

16. Continental Interaction • Asia was very peaceful and stable during this period because of the power of two empires: • The Chinese Empire • The Abbasid Empire

17. Continental Interaction • Although the continents traded a wide variety of goods, major products included: • Gold from W. Africa • Spices from India and Indian ocean region • Porcelain from China and Persia • Textiles from India, China, the Mid-East, and later Europe • Amber from the Baltic region

20. Continental Interaction • Trade encouraged the spread of technology: • Crops began to be traded: wheat, rice, and especially sugar cane came from India • Waterwheels and windmills came from the middle east

21. Continental Interaction • Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe • Improved navigational charts and lateen sail came from the Indian Ocean Region

22. Continental Interaction • Religions spread over the centuries: • Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan • Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia • Islam from the Mideast to West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia

23. Cultural Interaction • Spread of religions across the hemisphere • Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan • Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia • Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia • Printing and paper money from China

24. Continental Interaction • Some interactions had negative effects: • Disease traveled along trade routes • In 1347 A.D. the bubonic plague, better known as the Black Death, reached Europe and killed millions • The Black Death came from ports along the Black Sea, carried by Italian merchant ships

26. Continental Interaction • Another negative interaction was the beginning of the African slave trade • Africans were traded for goods in W. Africa and moved along the Saharan caravan routes • In 1441, the Portuguese arrived on the Atlantic coast, beginning the slave trade that resulted in millions of Africans being sent to the Americas

28. Early Japan • Japan is off the Asian coast, east of China, separated by the Sea of Japan • It is in close proximity to China and Korea • Japan is a mountainous archipelago (group of islands), with 4 main islands

29. Early Japan • Japan adopted many ideas from China, and changed them to make them uniquely Japanese: • Pictographic writing • Architecture • Confucianism and Buddhism

31. Early Japan • Chinese influences merged with Japanese traditions to mold Japan’s culture • Buddhism became Japan’s state religion in 594 • Buddhism coexisted with Japan’s ancient religion: Shinto

32. Shinto • Shinto is unique to Japan and was the early state religion and coexistance with Buddhism • It was often associated with the Imperial family and worshipped the emperor • The religion has no holy book, but emphasizes ritual cleanliness and many ceremonies in daily life

33. Shinto • Important aspects of Shinto include: • Shrines at natural geographic locations • Worshipping forces of nature • Loyalty to family and praying to ancestors

34. Medieval Japan • Kyoto became the Japanese capital in 794, with the start of the Heian Period • The Heian broke off contacts with China • By 1000, Japan was completely isolated from China and Korea • The Heian government broke down due to incompetent aristocrats

36. Medieval Japan • The Heian were replaced by the power of local princes • These princes were protected by warriors called samurai

37. Medieval Japan • In 1192, a military government called a shogunate was established • Shoguns controlled land and the local clans that lived on them • Their system was very similar to European feudalism

38. Axum • In 300 A.D. the kingdom of Axum gained control of the Red Sea trade routes • An Axum army conquered Kush in 350, securing their control of East Africa

39. Axum • Axum became a Christian kingdom after 324 A.D, when missionaries came to their ports • The Axumites were known for their stelae: large, decorated stone columns built to mark royal tombs

41. Axum • By 800 A.D., Arab merchants across the Red Sea had begun to control most of the trade passing through • Without trade fueling their economy, Axum quickly declined

42. Zimbabwe • In 1300 A.D., the nation of Zimbabwe had developed in southern Africa • Zimbabwe had developed along the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers • The nation centered around their capital of Great Zimbabwe • The people of Zimbabwe were efficient farmers and raised vast herds of cattle

44. Zimbabwe • The civilization declined by 1450, when Great Zimbabwe was abandoned because of two serious problems: • A shortage of salt • The exhaustion of grazing and timber resources

45. West African Kingdoms • By 800 A.D., kingdoms had grown to dominate trade in West Africa • They all developed south of the Sahara, in close proximity to the Niger River • Three major kingdoms developed one after the other: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

47. Ghana • Ghana grew prosperous from the gold and salt trade in West Africa • Salt was necessary for flavoring and preserving foods • This trade was taxed by the king of Ghana, who was also a religious and military leader

49. Ghana • From 800-1000, local chiefs maintained authority by paying taxes to the King • In the 11th Century, Muslim armies from North Africa invaded and had conquered Ghana by 1076

50. Mali • The empire of Mali was established by 1200 A.D., where Ghana had been • Mali was expanded by their great king, Mansa Musa • He governed efficiently through provincial governors • Numerous mosques were built under his rule