Urbanism in Ancient Amazonia: Rediscovering Lost Cities

3. Rolling Stone, 10/17/07

4. “Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasliens” (1894)

6. AD1-500 1250 1650 1750 1850 1950 2009 Establishment of PIX, 1961 Late Xinguano Karl von den Steinen, 1884 Early Xinguano Early Bandeirante Raids, 1740-1770 Proto-Xinguano Late Galactic Columbus/Cabral, 1492-1500 Galactic period Globalization Initial occupations Early Colonial Gold Rush Rubber Boom March to the West C/D

7. north Morená southwest southeast

8. 5 cm

11. Fish farming

14. Backyard Trash Midden Central House Trunks Griddle Support (undagi)

15. Kuikuro (Carib) village (2003)

19. Earthworks provide key: Highly visible and datable, contiguous, and precisely laid out

23. Ebenezer Howard’s “Garden cities of Tomorrow” (1902) Garden Cities of Yesterday?

24. Ancient Amazonian Urbanism, or What? “… the medieval topography was … a collection of greater and smaller clearings … rather like a photographic negative of the Muslim east which was a world of oases in the midst of deserts.” Le Goff 1988:131 What is urbanism in its earliest and most minute forms? Lost cities of the Amazon, likely not, but what of hierarchical networks of towns and villages in discrete territorial polities and highly self-organized landscapes? What of multi-centric forms, and the implications for the urban-rural? What of regional planning and design?

26. kuge Xinguano peer communities “otomo” = galactic cluster (polity/maximal otomo) Non-Xinguano (ngikogo) & White (cagaiha) telo = local group otomo “telo” Other clusters (polities) in Peer-polity otomo = relatives within local group telo otomo telo ekúgu oto-hógo = chiefly kindred or “House” (consanguines/affines)

27. Nature : Human : Supernature

29. Ritual and Ideology Accumulation of symbolic resources through ritual actions, notably chiefly rites of passage, differentiates individuals Begins at birth with recognition of hereditary chiefly status, certain individuals, such as the sons and daughters of principle “sitting” or named chiefs, are then further recognized (accumulate more symbolic resources) The accumulation of symbolic resources, prestige, through the course of one’s life provides certain individuals with unique authority and capacity to accumulate political power (ability to make decisions for and control others) and economic wealth, at least temporarily for rituals Rituals create metaphorical link with divine creators – Sun and Moon; they not only represent but perpetuate the social order, notably social hierarchy Ritual co-participation and elite marriage alliances provide basis of regional social integration, although no community or chief has been able, as far as we know, to consolidate his regional prominence across generation – I.e., no paramount village, or capital controls other villages

30. O O O

31. Heroic ancestors = Anetï-intagíñu(Af 1 & 2, Au 2) = anetï ekúgu = anetï nsoño Af Ng = = = affine Au = = Af = = = Au = Af Southern House = = Ng Northern House

32. Society and Politics Conical clan organization: all social relations based, in part, on an idiom of hierarchy Hierarchy based on primogeniture, which is basis of ranking kingroups into hereditary elite-commoner classes Elite individuals tend to marry their first cross-cousins, rank endogamy, which tends to maintain distinctions between ranks, although through time there is mobility between ranks Communities throughout region formally integrated through co-participation in chiefly (elite) rites-of-passage and exchange rituals orchestrated by chiefs