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An Overview of Anatomy

Learn about the study of human body structure and function, including the different levels of organization, organ systems, anatomical terminology, body planes, and cellular transport mechanisms.

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An Overview of Anatomy

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  1. An Overview of Anatomy • Anatomy • The study of the structure of the human body • Physiology • The study of body function

  2. Many Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical level- Atoms combine to form molecules • Cellular level- reflect their particular functions in the body • Tissue level- Consist of groups of similar cells (epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural) • Organ level- two or more tissue types making an organ with complex function • Organ system level- group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose (example: cardiovascular system with heart and blood vessels)

  3. Organ SystemsOverview ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Digestive • Respiratory • Urinary • Reproductive

  4. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction • Anatomical position – a common visual reference point • Person stands erect with feet slightly apart and eyes forward • Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body • Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position • Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

  5. Axial region – the main axis of the body • Appendicular region – the limbs

  6. Anatomic Terminology Position and Directional Terms • ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of • POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of • CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body • CAUDAL – means tail end • SUPERIOR – upper or above something • INFERIOR – lower or below something • MEDIAL – toward the middle • LATERAL – toward the side of the body • PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body • DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body • SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body • DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body

  7. When a section or cut is made through the body wall or an organ, it is made along an imaginary line called a plane. Three Major Planes

  8. Body Planes and Sections • Coronal (frontal) plane • Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts • Median (midsagittal) plane • Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

  9. Body Planes and Sections • Transverse plane • Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts Figure 1.5

  10. Oblique Section Through the Trunk

  11. Banana Sectioned into Planes

  12. Cavities of the Body • DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY. • ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES • The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart • ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas • PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

  13. The Balance of Body Functions • Survival of the individual and of the genes is the body’s most important business • Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis (relative constancy of the internal environment); the body uses negative feedback loops and, less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis

  14. Negative Feedback Loop • The response reverses a change in a controlled condition • Like thermostat in your house, the hypothalamus senses when the environment gets cold and triggers other physiological responses – shivering, vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels. (in warm environments, sweating and vasodilation)

  15. Positive Feedback Loop • Response strengthens the change in a controlled condition • Example: When a baby is ready to be born the hypothalamus signals the release of oxytocin which triggers uterus contractions, as the uterus contracts the baby begins to move down in the birth canal which signals the release of more oxytocin and so on…until the baby is born

  16. The Balance of Body Functions • All organs function to maintain homeostasis • Body functions are related to age; peak efficiency is during young adulthood, diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood

  17. Building blocks of our bodies • 7.5 trillion cells make up the human body in various shapes, sizes, and functions

  18. Cell structure • Almost all (except mature red blood cells) have a nucleus • Organelles • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane

  19. Cell membrane • 3/10,000,000 of an inch thick • Also called plasma membrane • Protective covering • Responsible for what is let in and out of the cell (selective or semi-permeable) • Passive transport- no energy needed • Active transport- requires some energy

  20. Passive transport • Diffusion • Most common • Substance of higher concentration moves to area of lower concentration • Osmosis • Filtration • Facilitated diffusion

  21. Passive transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Water travels through membrane until substance levels are equal • Solute is what is being dissolved • Filtration • Facilitated diffusion

  22. Passive transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration • Pressure is applied to force water and its dissolved materials across a membrane • Facilitated diffusion

  23. Passive transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration • Facilitated diffusion • Variation of diffusion in which a substance is helped in moving across the membrane

  24. Cystic fibrosis • Relatively common (1/3000 Caucasian births) • No cure, treatments available • Diagnosed by genetic testing, pulmonary function test, and testing the amount of sodium in sweat • Malfunction of the sodium and chloride membrane channels • Makes fluid around the cells salty • Causes excessively thick mucous in the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

  25. Active Transport • Active transport pumps • Require ATP to move a substance • Endocytosis • Cells intake substance when it is too large to pass through the membrane forming a chamber or vesicle • Phagocytosis- when a solid is transported • Pinocytosis- when a liquid is transported • Exocytosis • Cells need to transport substances out of itself

  26. Cytoplasm • Internal parts of a cell require a specific environment in order to survive • i.e. the right balance of oxygen and nitrogen

  27. Nucleus • “Brain of the cell”; the control center • Chromatin- material in nucleus that contains DNA • Chromatin forms Chromosomes, which contain genes • Nucleolus • Found in nucleus • Spherical shape • forms ribosomes

  28. Organelles • Ribosomes- cell repair and reproduction • Centrosomes- helps build the cell structures • Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell, make up 95% of the cell’s energy needs. • Busy cells will have more • Endoplasmic reticulum- series of channels formed from folded membranes • Rough ER- ribosomes on surface- synthesis of proteins • Smooth ER-synthesis of lipids (fats) and steroids • Golgi apparatus- looks like flattened sacs- receives protein from rough ER, further processes and stores it, then a portion surrounds the protein and helps it travel to the appropriate cell for secretion • Lysosomes- vesicles containing enzymes that clean up cellular debris and wastes

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