Unit 3 Exploring the Elements

1. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements

2. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements Text A Hydrogen: Fuel for the Future Text B Water—Nature’s Miracle

3. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements

4. The photos show the four elements: earth,air, water, and fire. Discuss them with a partner and write two adjectives about each photo. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements

5. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements dry blue yellow clean

6. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements pure hot soft dangerous

7. LEAD-IN Unit 3 Exploring the Elements B. Choose one of the above elements and discuss with your partner in what way it affects our daily life.

8. Paparazzi Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING Masaru Emoto Masaru Emoto (born July 22, 1943) is a Japanese author and entrepreneur. He is known for his claim that if human speech or thoughts are directed at water droplets before they are frozen, images of the resulting water crystals will be “beautiful” or “ugly” depending upon whether the words or thoughts were positive or negative. Emoto claims this can be achieved through prayer, music or by attaching written words to a container of water. Since 1999 Emoto has published several volumes of a work entitled Messages From Water, which contains photographs of water crystals next to essays and “words of intent”. In addition to his books, Emoto also sells various water products from his websites and catalogs, which are purported to have healing properties derived from his research and experiments.

9. Paparazzi Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING Yokohama Yokohama is a city in Japan, located alongJapan’s Pacific coastline and roughly 30 minutes from Tokyo by train. The total population of Yokohama is approx. 3.68 million, making the city the second largest in Japan after Tokyo. Yokohama has been an important port since the 19th century. Since then it has enjoyed a strategic position in Japan. The city of Yokohama has a strong economic base, especially in the shipping, biotechnology, and semiconductor industries. The city competes with Tokyo in terms of contribution to GDP.

10. Skim the article. What do you think is the purpose of this article? a. To entertain. b. To educate or inform. c. To explore personal experiences and emotions. d. To persuade people to believe something. key Unit 3 Exploring the Elements Skill Focus Making Predictions When writing an article, the writer usually includes some information to let readers make predictions, or guesses, about what will happen next. Making predictions can get readers more involved in the material, and help them understand what they are reading. READING AND SPEAKING X b

11. What if water could understand you? Would you think twice about what you said? According to a theory of Masaru Emoto, who is a Japanese researcher, water is alive and responds to the energy around it, including people’s thoughts and emotions. Because water can change its shape, Emoto believed that water molecules, the smallest particles of water, could too. To test this theory, he exposed water to different conditions, froze the drops, and photographed them with a microscope that takes pictures. First he tested the effects of pollution. Water from mountain streams had perfect crystals. Water from polluted sources had uneven, ugly crystals. Next, he studied the effects of music. He placed distilled water, which is pure, between two speakers. After he played Beethoven, the water crystals were perfect. After rock music, they were imperfect. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING Translation New Words

12. Finally, he tested thoughts and words. He put distilled water into jars overnight and wrote messages on them. Beautiful crystals formed in the jars that were marked with positive messages: “thank you” and “love”. Positive words enhanced the crystals. Ugly crystals formed in bottles labeled “You make me sick” and “I’ll kill you”. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING Translation

13. Emoto’s work, which was featured in a movie, has gained international attention. However, Dr. Fred Seeber, a scientist at the University of Washington, worries. “The movie is misleading. It makes Emoto look like a scientist, which he is not. It makes his work look scientifically proven, which it is not.” Some scientists feel Emoto’s evidence is neither credible nor accurate. Emoto encourages the photographers who work for him to choose only “pleasing” photos. His three books were self-published. Emoto’s degree, which is from Yokohama Municipal University, is in International Relations. He received a certificate as a Doctor of Alternative Medicine from India’s Open International University. Unit 3 Exploring the Elementss Translation

14. Yet Emoto does not claim to be a scientist. He says he started water research “not so much as a scientific researcher but as an original thinker, as a human being” . His claims have been neither proved nor disproved. Perhaps scientists who are interested in Emoto’s work and in interpreting water will develop further studies. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING Translation

15. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING • B. Read again and check (√) the better paraphrase for each quote. For the ineffective paraphrases, write I (inaccurate), O (opinion), or TC (too close to the original). • “Because water can change its shape, Emoto believed that water molecules, the smallest particles of water, could too.” • a. ___ Water is able to alter its form, so Emoto felt • that water molecules do as well. • b. ___ Since water can change its shape, Emoto • thought water molecules could also change. √ TC

16. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING 2. “To test this theory, he exposed water to different conditions, froze the drops, and photographed them with a microscope that takes pictures.” a. ___Emoto experimented with his idea by exposing water to various conditions, freezing drops of it, and taking pictures with a special microscope. b. ___ Emoto set up a fascinating test to prove his idea. Water was exposed to various circumstances. The drops were frozen and photographed with a microscope. √ O

17. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING 3. “Emoto’s work, which was featured in a movie, has gained international attention.”them with a microscope that takes pictures.” a. ___ Emoto made a movie about his work in order to get noticed by people all over the world. b. ___ People around the world have started noticing Emoto’s research since it appeared in a movie. I √

18. C. Discuss the following questions with your classmates. Do you believe Emoto’s research? Explain using reasons from the article and your ideas. 2. What is something that you would like to research or learn more about? Write three questions about it. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements READING AND SPEAKING

19. TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS READING COMPREHENSION Unit 3 Exploring the Elements BACKGROUND INFORMATION ARTICLE TRANSLATION TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS READING COMPREHENSION

20. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements San Francisco San Francisco is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California, the US. It has a density of about 7,022 people per km2, making it the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is a popular tourist destination, known for its landmarks including the Golden Gate Bridge and its Chinatown district.

21. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements Hydrogen: Fuel for the Future 全文音频 • Faced with the problem of global warming, people are looking for clean fuels. Hydrogen fuel can be the answer since it gives off zero emissions when burning. 面对全球变暖的问题，人们正在寻找清洁燃料。氢燃料是一个解决的办法，因为它燃烧时不产生任何排放物。

22. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION sustainability 1 In recent years, the concept of “ ” human activities has ever greater importance. Among other things, this concept requires a reduction in the dependency on fossil resources and a reduction in CO2, which is the result of fossil fuel burning. Owing to the limited resources of fossil fuels, hydrogen is proposed as an and environment-friendly energy carrier. with reference to taken on alternative

23. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 2 It is said to be the future since when it burns it gives off zero , while fossil fuels, which are widely used today, are one of the major contributors to greenhouse gases that cause global warming and unwanted climate change. Hydrogen fuel is the answer to many. When hydrogen fuel "burns" in fuel cells, the only emissions are a little steam. emission

24. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 3 Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can potentially be mass-produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft.

25. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 4Combustion heat enables hydrogen to act as a fuel. In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, hydrogen (H2) oxygen (O2) to compose water (H2O) and releases heat. If carried out in atmospheric air instead of pure oxygen (as is usually the case), hydrogen combustion may yield small amounts of nitrogen oxides, along with the water vapor. Nevertheless, hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table, making it the lightest element in the universe. Since hydrogen gas is so light, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure form, H2. reacts with

26. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION in very small quantities Since hydrogen gas occurs only in nature, before it can be used, energy firms must first produce the hydrogen gas, hydrogen its chemical bond with other atoms, and that production induces environmental impacts. It takes a substantial amount of energy in its industrial production. Hydrogen production requires more energy than that can be the gas as a fuel later on. This is a limitation of the physical law of the of energy. releasing from retrieved from conservation

27. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 5There are different ways to produce it, e.g. electrolysis. In electrolysis, electricity is run through water to separate the hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Obtaining hydrogen from this process is being studied as a viable way to produce it at a low cost.

28. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 6 Hydrogen is an energy carrier, like electricity. Although electricity can be delivered over long distances, large amounts of electricity cannot be stored and must be generated as they are needed; this requires complex distribution networks and management processes. This is where hydrogen can act as a good carrier. With electrolysis, electricity can affect the extraction of hydrogen and oxygen from water with a little loss of energy in process. Then the hydrogen can be conveyed over long distances by means of the appropriate pipework and reconverted into electricity afterwards.

29. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 7 Hydrogen fuel is seen as the future of clean, green alternative energy that will one day become mainstream energy. It can provide motive power for cars, boats and airplanes, portable fuel cell applications or stationary fuel cell applications, which can power an electric motor.

30. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 8Hydrogen is the smallest element and some of it will inevitably escape from any known container or pipe in micro amounts, yet simple ventilation could prevent such leakage from ever reaching the volatile 4% hydrogen-air mixture. the product is in a gaseous or liquid state, pipes are a classic and very efficient form of transportation. Pure hydrogen, though, causes metal to become more brittle, thus metal pipes might require a little more maintenance . So long as in the long run

31. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 9One group that claims to “"nurture nature” is in the process of developing small power plants fueled by hydrogen and pure oxygen. They call their project “The Rainbow Solution” (to future energy needs). They address the safety of hydrogen fuel by using small, stationary plants, burning the hydrogen immediately after production.

32. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 10safety from unwanted explosions, hydrogen fuel in automotive vehicles is at least as safe as gasoline. 11The drawbacks right now are that hydrogen fueling stations are in limited locations and fuel cell vehicles are not in mass production yet. With regard to

33. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements TRANSLATION 12 The target for commercializing fuel cell vehicles has been set at 2015 by many of the major automakers. Germany is making a particular push right now to build stations to dispense hydrogen fuel to . Japan is also making a push and so is the U.S., especially in population centers like Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York City. meet this deadline to a lesser degree

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35. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements A. Identify the paragraph from which the following information is derived. 1. Many major manufacturers have set the goal of commercializing fuel cell vehicles. (Para. ) 2. Hydrogen fuel is proposed to be an alternative to fossil fuels. (Para. ) 3. Hydrogen can act as an energy carrier, better than electricity in some ways. (Para. ) 4. Making hydrogen by electrolyzing water is now being studied as a way to obtain it at a low cost. (Para. ) 5. Hydrogen fuel can provide motive power for various kinds of vehicles and fuel cell applications. (Para. ) 12 1 6 5 7

36. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements B. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. 1. According to the passage, the concept of “sustainability” requires________. C A. the dependency on fossil fuels and a reduction in CO2 B. a reduction in human activities C. less reliance on fossil fuels and a reduction in CO2 D. more resources of fossil fuels

37. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements 2.According to the passage, which of the following statements about “fossil fuels” is true? _______ A A. They are widely used and cause the greenhouse effect. B. They are widely used and give off zero emission. C. They are the answer to many environmental problems. D. They are proposed as environment-friendly energy.

38. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements 3. The reason why hydrogen is rarely found in its pure form, H2, is that_________. B A. it reacts with oxygen to form water B. it is so light that it rises in the atmosphere C. it is a zero-emission fuel D. it is the first element found in the universe

39. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements 4. What does hydrogen combustion yield when carried out in pure oxygen? _________ A A. Water vapor. B. Nitrogen oxides and water vapor. C. Nitrogen oxides. D. Nothing.

40. keys C 5. What can we infer from the passage? _________ A. Fossil fuels will be used up by the next century. B. Energy firms are making huge profits from producing hydrogen gas. C. Hydrogen fuel will become mainstream energy in the near future. D. Hydrogen will become the sole source of energy.

41. 1. Why is hydrogen proposed as the fuel for the future? 2. What is the main drawback of using metal pipes to transport hydrogen? keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements C. Answer the following questions according to the text. There are two reasons. For one thing, fossil fuels we now depend on are limited on Earth; and for the other, when hydrogen burns, it gives off zero emissions. Pure hydrogen causes metal to become more brittle, thus metal pipes might require a little more maintenance in the long run.

42. 3. What do many automakers do to push forward the trend of replacing fossil fuel with hydrogen fuel? keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements They have set the target for commercializing fuel cell vehicles at 2015.

43. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements Study the words and phrases that can collocate with “compose” and complete the following sentences with them. 1. They agreed to form a composed of leaders of the rival factions. 2. More than 17.6 million firms compose the ____________ of our economy. 3. Mozart composed his last piece of __________ shorty before he died. council business sector music

44. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements 4. Compose a letter___________ of complaint to the newspaper stating your views on an issue of your choice. 5. Spelling is the art of putting together the letters which compose___________. 6. When asked a question, you’d better give yourself a second or two to compose your _________. 7. The photographer will need plenty of time to compose the _________. letter a word thoughts shot

45. 8. The ______________composed in Philadelphia transformed the confederation of sovereignstates into a national government. 9. __________________ compose all the complex working parts of living cells. 10. Then he composed ___________, took Susan’s hand awkwardly and began to usher her into the office. keys Unit 3 Exploring the Elements document Protein molecules himself

46. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements Discuss the following questions with a partner. • Electricity is a form of energy which we use to power machines and electrical devices. Electricity arrives at our homes through wires from the places where it is made. How do you use electricity on a typical day? I use electricity to power my computer, water heater, lamps, television, air-conditioner, cell phone, etc.

47. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements 2. Are to reduce electricity there any way consumption in your daily life? Are you willing to make such changes? Give your reasons. There are many ways to reduce my electricity consumption. For example, I can turn things (such as the TV and the lights) off when I’ve done, unplug home appliances when they are seldom used, enable the “sleep mode” feature on my computer, allowing it to use much lower power during periods of inactivity. I am willing to make such changes, because I can save both energy and money without giving up the comforts of life.

48. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements BACKGROUND INFORMATION ARTICLE TRANSLATION TEXT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS READING COMPREHENSION

49. Unit 3 Exploring the Elements Paparazzi Alchemy Alchemy is derived from the Arabic word al-kimia. It is both a philosophy and an ancient practice focused on the attempt to change base metals into gold. It investigates the preparation of the elixir of longevity. The practical aspect of alchemy can be viewed as a protoscience, having generated the basics of modern inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances.

50. Water—Nature’s MiracleBy Dolly Knight and Jonathan Stromberg Unit 1 Social Experiments 全文音频 Water is thesource of life. Aside from many well-researched properties, water also has some mysterious aspects that mainstream science may have ignored. 水是大自然的恩赐，也是生命的源泉。除了许多被研究透了的特性之外，水还有一些可能被传统科学忽视了的神奇之处。