Bacterial Diseases of Turkeys and Ducks

1. Bacterial Diseases of Turkeys and Ducks Prof. Dr/ Wafaa Abd El-Ghany Professor of Poultry Diseases Poultry Diseases Department Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.

2. Bacterial diseases of Turkeys • Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). • Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM). • Maycoplasma synoviae (MS). • Mycoplasma iowae (MI). • Turkey coryza (Bordetellosis). • Ornithobacterium rhinotracheal (ORT). • Erysiplas infection. • Avian chlamydiosis. • Fowl cholera. • Avian salmonellosis (Paratyphoid infection, Arizona disease and Pullorum disease). • E.coli infection. • Clostridial infections. • Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections. • Avian Tuberculosis

3. Bacterial diseases of Ducks • Rimerella anatipestifer • Botulism (Western duck sickness, Limber neck) • Paratyphoid infection. • Avian chlamydiosis • Mycoplasma immitans & ansaris • Avian spiroketosis • E. coli infection • Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections

4. BORDETELLOSIS (Turkey coryza)

5. Bordetellosis(Turkey coryza) • It is a highly contagious upper-respiratory tract disease affect young turkeys caused by Bordetella avium and is characterized by inflammation and distortion of the respiratory mucosa. • The economic importance including impaired growth, Mortalities and the losses are resulting from Colisepticemia, secondary or complicated infections and stressors.

6. Transmission of B. Avium • Close contact with infected poults or through exposure to litter or water. • Infection is transmitted by aerosol transmission. • The severity of bordetellosis is exacerbated by adverse environmental and infectious factors (Temp., humidity, litter quality, E.coli).

7. Signs of B. Avium • An abrupt onset of sneezing (snick) in a high percentage of 2-6 week-old turkeys over the course of a week. • Older turkeys may also develop a dry cough. • A clear nasal discharge. • During the first 2 weeks of disease, the nares and feathers of the head and wings become crusted with wet, tenacious, brownish exudate, and some birds develop submaxillary edema.

8. Signs of B. Avium • Foamy exudate at the medial canthus of the eye. • Open-mouth breathing and dyspnea, and altered vocalization in the second week of clinical signs result when the nasal cavity and upper trachea become partially occluded with mucoid exudate. • Poor weight gains. • In turkeys 2-6 weeks of age, morbidity 80-100%, whereas the mortality rate is less than 10%. • High mortality rates (>40%) in young turkeys frequently are associated with concurrent isolation of Escherichia coli.

9. Lesions of B. Avium • Nasal and tracheal exudates varies from serous initially to tenacious and mucoid during the course of disease. • Generalized softening and distortion of the cartilaginous rings of the trachea, dorsal-ventral compression. • In cross-section, tracheal rings appear to have thick walls and a diminished lumen.

11. Diagnosis of B. Avium • Samples collected from the choanal opening and nostril, or by passing a swab into the trachea through the larynx. • Isolation and identification of bacterial agent isolation is accomplished on MacConkey agar. • Serologic testing has proven to be useful a microagglutination test (MAT).

12. Prevention of B. Avium • Strict biosecurity measures are required to prevent infection of clean flocks. • Vaccines available commercially for the prevention of bordetellosis are (ts) mutant of B. avium and a whole cell bacterin. • Vaccination of breeder hens with killed bacterins delayed the onset and severity of clinical disease in challenge-exposed poults. • Passive immunization of 3-week-old poults with convalescent serum.

13. Control of B. Avium • Treatment of bordetellosis with antibiotics administered in the water, by injection, or by aerosol has produced minimal clinical improvement in most cases. • Treatment of an infected breeder flock with tetracycline-HCl and potassium penicillin-G for 3 days produced clinical improvement within 24 hours.

14. ORNITHOBACTERIUM RIHINOTRACHEAL (ORT)

15. ORT Infection & Transmission • It is a contagious bacterial disease affects chickens and turkeys characterized by respiratory signs, variable mortality, and decrease in egg production with change in egg quality. • The infection occurred by the horizontal routes by contact through aerosol or drinking water. • The vertical transmission occurs by transovarian and oviduct.

16. Signs of ORT In turkeys: A. Poults: • Turkey poults aged 2-8 weeks show mortality up to 50%. • Respiratory signs: coughing , sneezing, nasal discharge and sinusitis. • Decrease in feed and water intake. B. Breeders: • Decrease in egg production. • Increase in the number of unhatched eggs.

17. Lesions of ORT • Uni or bilateral pneumonia. • Yoghurt like airsaculitis. • Pleuritris. • Subcutaneous edema of the head. • Enlarged liver and spleen with degeneration of heart muscles are additionally seen in turkeys.

18. Thickened, opaque air sacs with profuse, foamy white to yellow, “yogurt-like” Pneumonia and pleuritis in turkeys

19. Prevention & control of ORT • Application of good sanitary measures especially separation of different ages and species. • Vaccination: a. Inactivated vaccine considered as serotype specific vaccine. b. Live vaccine can induce cross protection between some serotypes. • Amoxicillin and chlortetracycline in water. • Tetracycline and penicillins by injection.

20. ERYSIPELAS

21. Erysipelas • Erysipelas (Red Skin) occurs in growing turkeys, geese, chickens, quail and Peafowl between 4.7 months. • This acute to chronic disease is caused by the Gram-positive rod shaped bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. It is non-spore forming, non-acid fast and non-motile.

22. Infection & transmission of Erysipelas • It can be transmitted through a break in the skin or mucous membranes or fighting between males. • It is a soil-borne organism and can also be spread by cannibalism or biting flies. • Contaminated fish-meal is also a source of infection.

23. Signs& lesions of Erysipelas Signs: • The incubation period is 2-3 days. Swollen snoods (turkeys) and shock. Diarrhea, emaciation, weakness, anemia, skin haemorrhage and necrosis can be seen. • Fever, cyanotic toes and head, drop in egg production and / or fertility, and embryonic mortality can occur. Post mortem lesions: • Enlarged, friable, purple-black spleen, breast muscle haemorrhage, oral mucous. Haemorrhage in muscles, spleen, lungs, fat and small intestine and endocarditis may be seen. • Fibrinopurulent Exudate in the joints. • Thickening of walls or proventriculus, or gizzard ulceration and yellow nodules can occur in the caeca.

24. Turgid snood Swollen snood

25. Enlarged and mottled spleen (marbled spleen)) Endocarditis:inflammatory process around valves

26. Diagnosis of Erysipelas • Laboratory isolation from lesions is important and can show smooth colonies colorless to a bluish gray, or pin-point size with smooth edges. Haemorrhagic, swollen spleen and wicked red lesions are diagnosed. • It Simulates cholera, Salmonella, gangrenous dermatitis, aspergillosis, and E. coli.

27. Blood agar:tiny pinpoint colonies, round and translucent.

28. Prevention and Control of Erysipelas Prevention • Vaccinate birds twice, one at 10/12 weeks and again at 14-16 weeks. • Debeak at day one and pooling is done if necessary to prevent fighting. •  No pigs should be reared near poultry and rotation of the turkey range to reduce bacteria. Treatment • Gallimycin and penicillin can reduce signs. • Disinfect premises with aerosol phenols or iodine.

29. ARIZONOSIS

30. Arizonoses • Arizonosis occurs young turkeys. • It is caused by Bacterium-Salmonella Arizona. • Gram negative, flagellate bacterium Salmonella Arizona. • The effects are the same as for other Salmonella infections- Diarrhoea, lameness, somnolence (sleepiness), laboured breathing, blindness and mortality. Mortality up to 100%, peaking at 7-10 days. Tremors, convulsions and twisted necks may also be seen.

31. Infection & transmission of Arizona • The disease is transmitted in the same way as other salmonella species, ie. from bird to bird and between farms. • Common vectors include birds, rodents and sometimes reptiles. • Spread via the transovarian route can also occur.

32. Signs and lesions of Arizona Signs are the same as for other Salmonella. Opaque eyes (blindness), tremors, convulsions, and twisted necks may be seen. Postmortem lesions: • Lesions are the same as for Salmonella pullorum, which include bacteria septicaemia; peritonitis, and retained yolk sacs. • Congested (filled with blood) duodenum, mottled (white necrotic spots) liver, caseous plugs in caeca, and caseous air sacs can be seen. • Round heart (Characteristic)

35. Diagnosis of Arizona • The organisms must be cultured from post mortem lesions, egg yolk etc. on brilliant green agar for a definitive diagnosis. • Agglutination or ELISA tests using sera from breeders can confirm the presences of S. Arizona. • It simulates pullorum, E. coli and typhoid.

36. Prevention & Control of Arizona Prevention • Biosecurity measures. • Bacterin for turkey breeders prevents egg transmission. • Egg and hatchery sanitation are important. • Breeders should be tested and those that are serologically positive should be slaughtered. • Vector control helps control spread of the organism. Treatment • Treatments will reduce clinical problems, but birds will remain carriers. SQ and Ormetoprin in the water and furazolidone in the feed are effective treatments. Gentamicin and spectinomycin can be given to day-old-chicks by injection.

37. RIMERELLA (PASTEURELLA) ANATIPESTIFER (RA) (DUCK SEPTICAEMIA, INFECTIOUS SEROSITIS, NEW DUCK SYNDROM)

38. Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) • It is an acute septicaemic or chronic contagious disease of growing duckling characterized by serofibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis and airsacculitis, caseous salpingitis and meningitis and high mortality in ducklings (75%).

39. Susceptibility & Infection of RA • Ducklings aged 1-8 weeks are highly susceptible . • The disease in laying birds is rare. • Inhalation of infected droplets. • Wound infection. • Direct and indirect contact. • Carrier birds.

40. Signs of RA • Respiratory signs (nasal and ocular discharges, sneezing and coughing). • Nervous signs (Ataxia, tremors of the head and neck and coma). • Greenish diarrhea. • Survival ducks may stunted. • Mortality ranged from 5 to75 % in relation to other factors as age, route of infection and the strain virulence.

41. Lesions of RA • Fibrinous pericarditis. • Fibrinous perihepatitis. • Fibrinous airsacculitis. • Caseous salpingitis. • fibrinopurulant pneumonia. • Arthritis. • Fibrinous meningitis. • Enlarged and mottled spleen. • In the chronic form, the most predominant lesions in the skin in the form of necrotic dermatitis on the lower back or around vent with yellowish exudates between skin and the fat layer.

42. Central nervous system infection

44. Caseous exudate located in the head region (subcutis) Submandibulare oedema

45. perihepatitis Vertebral osteomyelitis (spondylitis) Spinal cord compression.

47. Diagnosis of RA • Samples from heart blood, brain, pericardial exudates, air sacs, lungs , liver and oviduct. • Detection of bipolar organism in blood or tissue smear stained by Gimsa.

48. Prevention & Control of RA • Sanitary measures. • Avoid stress factors. • Prevent contact of the birds with different species, sources and ages. • Inactivated vaccine must be containing a serotype specific to that cause endemic infection or frequent infection in the farm. • Live RA vaccine given by drinking water or spray to day old birds can induces protection till 42 days of age. • Sulfamethazine (0.2 -0.25%) in water or feed, sulfaquinoxaline (0.025-0.05%) in feed and lincomycin (0.011-0.022 %) in water are effective.