Development of a Community Airborne Platform Remote-sensing Interdisciplinary Suite (CAPRIS)

1. Development of a Community Airborne Platform Remote-sensing Interdisciplinary Suite (CAPRIS)Presentation to CAPRIS Workshop Dec. 14, 2006Wen-Chau Lee, Eric Loew and Roger WakimotoEarth Observing Laboratory (EOL)NCAR, Boulder, Colorado

2. S-Polka Remote Sensing Facility HCR NRL P-3 ELDORA Instruments REAL HSRL

3. Background A summary of the instrumentation packages available on various research Aircraft platforms in the United States

4. Motivation Improve scientific understanding of the atmosphere by serving the observational needs of broad scientific communities • Climate • atmospheric chemistry • physical meteorology • mesoscale meteorology • large scale dynamics Support numerical weather prediction community • Data assimilation • Validation model results • Developing and testing parameterization schemes Validation of measurements from spaceborne platforms • CloudSat • CALIPSO, AURA • GPM, NPP

5. Motivation (cont.) Improve our ability to understand and predict atmospheric systems • Climate change • Predict high impact weather • Foresee components of atmospheric chemistry that affect society Long Term View of EOL Facilities • A replacement for ELDORA • A potential ground-based radar/lidar suite • Upgrade C-130 to state-of-the-art airborne platform and infrastructure • Fill HIAPER remote sensing instrumentation gaps on cloud microphysics, water vapor, ozone and clear air winds • Commitment to phased-array technology, and eye-safe lidars

6. The NSF Opportunity Mid-Size Infrastructure for Atmospheric Sciences ATM maintains a mid-size infrastructure account that can be used to build and/or acquire community facilities. General Considerations and Eligibility (highlights) • Community facility • Available funds for larger projects • Instrumentation and observing platforms are eligible • Partnerships with university, federal, private, or international institutions are encouraged. • Design and engineering studies will be supported by the interested parts of ATM. • Where appropriate, use of the MRI mechanism for funding or partial funding will be encouraged. EOL has been encouraged to submit a Prospectus for CAPRIS • Key time for community comment and advice on present concepts • Document due to NSF 30 June 2007

7. Potential Scientific Advancements: Weather Describe precipitation process from water vapor transport to quantitative precipitation estimate Understand factors that control hurricane intensity change Characterize convective initiation and transformation of fair weather cumuli into deep convection Potential Scientific Advancements: Chemistry Transport of ozone and water between troposphere and stratosphere e.g., Doppler LIDAR, forward pointing WV observation Impact of convection on chemical composition of UTLS region e.g. DC3

8. Potential Scientific Advancements: Climate • Observe radiation effect due to deep convective clouds and cirrus ice clouds • Validate satellite-based products (CloudSat, GPM) Potential Scientific Advancements: PBL studies • Resolve spatial variation of turbulent fluctuations of water vapor and ozone • Measure entrainment rate of air from free atmosphere into the PBL Potential Scientific Advancements: Biogeosciences • Resolve PBL constituent fluxes (e.g. CO2, O3, water vapor) • Examine scales of land surface processes (e.g. in hydrology) and biomass

9. CAPRIS Instruments and Science

10. Examples of Combined Measurements Cai et al. (2006)

11. Tropopause DC-8 alt Potential application to UT/LS Pan et al. (2006)

12. Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment Air pollutants vented from PBL O3, aerosols affect radiative forcing Pollutants rained out From Mary Barth and Chris Cantrell’s DC3 report

13. Design Considerations • Develop an airborne and ground-based suite of remote sensors. Integrate phased-array technology and eye-safe lidar technology • Reduce X-band radar beam attenuation common to all existing airborne Doppler radars. Add microphysical characterization of the hydrometeors. • Aim for compact design to install on multiple aircraft, including other C-130s and HIAPER (global sampling). HALO? • Integrate multi-sensor approach on a single research platform in conjunction with in situ sensors. • Pursue a modular design approach which allows PIs to pick and choose the optimum combination of remote sensing instruments.

14. CAPRIS Configurations -- Airborne H2O DIAL/Aerosol • 1.45 µm, eye safe • 4.4 km range, 300 m resolution • Up, down, or side MM-Radar • Dual polarization H,V linear • ZH, ZDR, KDP, LDR, RHOHV • Dual wavelength (W,Ka) • Pod-based scanning • Doppler (V, σv) CM-Radar • Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas • Two side-looking • top, bottom looking • Composite “surveillance” scan • Dual Doppler (V, σv) • 2x resolution of current system – using “smart” scanning • Dual polarization H,V linear • ZH, ZDR, KDP, RHOHV, LDR UV O3 DIAL/Clear air wind • 0.24-0.30 μm; 0.28-0.30 μm • 5 km range, 100 m for DIAL • 25 km range and 250 m for wind • Molecular scattering • Conical scanning Others? • Heterodyne Doppler lidar for PBL winds • CO2 DIAL • Vegetation lidar

15. Upper Radar W, Ka band Pod Starboard Radar Port Radar Rear/Lower Radar C-130 front view

16. Composite “Surveillance” Scan WXR 700C Weather Avoidance Radar

17. CAPRIS Configurations – Ground Based H2O DIAL/Aerosol • Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability • Full hemispherical coverage via beam steering unit (BSU) • Larger telescope for increased sensitivity CM-Radar • Re-package airborne system into two rapidly scanning mobile truck-based Radars • Combine pairs of AESA’s into single flat aperture (for improved sensitivity and beamwidth) to be mechanically scanned in azimuth • Dual polarization H,V linear • Form multiple receive beams (2-4) for higher tilts UV O3 DIAL/Clear air wind • Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability • Both instruments share BSU and aperture Rapid DOW; Courtesy CSWR MM-Radar • Re-package pod based radar into compact seatainer • Mobile, truck-based or shipped w/o truck • Mechanically scanned, azimuth and elevation • Dual wavelength (W and Ka) • Dual polarization

18. Estimated Performance of CM and mm radar

19. Estimated Performance of IR and UV Lidars

20. Summary • CAPRIS will meet observational needs of broader scientific communities of climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology and larger scale dynamics. • Will fill the gap in current HIAPER instrumentation • All of the instruments will be built so that they are suitable for both airborne and ground-based deployment • Modular approach • Configure airborne platform for interdisciplinary research • Will modernize Lower Atmosphere Observing Facility remote sensors using the proven technology (phased array, polarization diversity and eye-safe LIDAR technology) • No instrument suite currently exists on an airborne platform that can tackle the wide range of atmospheric problems outlined in this presentation

21. Current Status and Timeline • A CAPRIS white paper was submitted and presented at NSF • There are at least three other competing projects • A second white paper will be submitted to NSF by March 2007 • CAPRIS team has contacted and made a series of visits to US universities and international institutions • CAPRIS team hosted town hall meetings at EGU and AGU, and will host a town hall meeting at AMS annual meeting • NSF will evaluate all white paper and invite several projects to submit proposal in Fall 2007 • NSF encourages partnerships with university, federal, private, or international institutions in the planning process

22. Questions and Comments For further information, contact: Jim Moore (jmoore@ucar.edu) Wen-Chau Lee (wenchau@ucar.edu) Visit the website: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/development/capris/

23. END

24. Water Vapor CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical & horizontal) of water vapor over the widest range of climates and altitudes. Versatility requires eye-safety. Suggested approach: tunability 1450 – 1500 nm. Above: water vapor mixing ratio below DLR Falcon. From 940 nm H2O DIAL in 2002 IHOP. Courtesy: C. Kiemle, DLR Above: Water vapor absorption band heads and eye-safety. Courtesy: Scott Spuler, NCAR EOL

25. 48” Tuning range 56” 34” Ozone CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved vertical profiles of ozone over a wide range of environments and altitudes (e.g. urban air quality and UT/LS studies). Suggested approach: Tunability 260 - 310 nm Photos provided by Mike Hardesty & Chris Senff, NOAA

26. UT/LS Winds CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical) of horizontal and vertical velocities above and below aircraft in “Aerosol-free” regions of the UT/LS. Suggested approach: UV direct-detection and VAD scans from rotating holographic optical element. Diagrams and data provided by Bruce Gentry, NASA Goddard

27. IR Heterodyne Doppler CAPRIS Priority: high-resolution, eddy-resolving, velocities in the aerosol-rich lower troposphere. Suggested method: Heterodyne Doppler lidar at 1.5 or 2.0 microns. Data example courtesy Mike Hardesty, NOAA HRDL on DLR Falcon during I-HOP

28. Estimated Performance of IR and UV Lidars

29. CO2 DIAL CAPRIS Priority: Coarse resolution vertical profiles of CO2. Resolution: 10-minute, 500 m, 1 ppm in 340 ppm background. Suggested method: DIAL at 1.6 or 2.0 microns. 0.3% accuracy required. Extremely difficult.

30. Vegetation Canopy Lidar • Goal: Estimate biomass, canopy structure, and roughness • Large surface foot-print • Very high-speed (GHz) digitizers to resolve distribution of canopy matter (foliage, trunks, branches, twigs, etc.)

31. CAPRIS Configurations – Ground Based CM-Radar • Re-package airborne system into two rapidly scanning mobile truck-based Radars: X and C bands • Re-configure both C band AESA’s into single flat aperture (for improved sensitivity and beamwidth) to be mechanically scanned in azimuth • Configure X-band similarly • Dual polarization H,V linear • Form multiple receive beams (3-5) for higher tilts MM-Radar • Re-package pod based radar into compact seatainer • Mobile, truck-based or shipped w/o truck • Mechanically scanned, azimuth and elevation • Dual wavelength (W and Ka) • Dual polarization Rapid DOW; Courtesy CSWR

32. Community Airborne Platform Remote-sensing Suite (CAPRIS) Improve scientific understanding of the biosphere… • Observational needs of broad scientific communities in climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology, biogeochemistry, larger scale dynamics, oceanography and land surface processes Long Term View of EOL Facilities • A replacement for ELDORA airborne Doppler radar • Upgrade C-130 to state-of-the-art airborne platform and infrastructure • Fill NCAR G-V remote sensing instrumentation gaps on cloud microphysics, water vapor, ozone and clear air winds • Commitment to phased-array technology, and eye-safe lidars • Optional comprehensive ground-based instrument suite

33. Motivation for CAPRIS Data assimilation, validation and developing and testing parameterization schemes • Community models - WRF, WACCSM and MOZART Validation of measurements from spaceborne platforms • CloudSat, GPM Improve our ability to understand and predict atmospheric and surface processes • Project climate change • High impact weather • Foresee components of atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemistry that affect society • Land surface processes

34. Potential Scientific Advancements: Weather • Describe precipitation process from water vapor transport to quantitative precipitation estimate • Understand factors that control hurricane intensity change • Characterize convective initiation and transformation of fair weather cumuli into deep convection Potential Scientific Advancements: Chemistry Transport of ozone and water between troposphere and stratosphere e.g., Doppler LIDAR, forward pointing WV observation Impact of convection on chemical composition of UTLS region

35. Potential Scientific Advancements: Climate • Observe radiation effect due to deep convective clouds and cirrus ice clouds • Validate satellite-based products (CloudSat, CALIPSO, GPM) Potential Scientific Advancements: PBL studies • Resolve spatial variation of turbulent fluctuations of water vapor and ozone • Measure entrainment rate of air from free atmosphere into the PBL

36. Instruments and Science

37. Design Considerations • Develop an airborne and ground-based suite of remote sensors. Integrate phased-array technology and eye-safe lidar technology • Reduce X-band radar beam attenuation common to all existing airborne Doppler radars. Add microphysical characterization of the hydrometeors. • Aim for compact design to install on multiple aircraft, including other C-130s and HIAPER (global sampling). HALO? • Integrate multi-sensor approach on a single research platform in conjunction with in situ sensors. • Pursue a modular design approach which allows PIs to pick and choose the optimum combination of remote sensing instruments.

38. CAPRIS Configurations -- Airborne H2O DIAL/Aerosol • 1.45 µm, eye safe • 4.4 km range, 300 m resolution • Up, down, or side MM-Radar • Dual polarization H,V linear • ZH, ZDR, KDP, LDR, RHOHV • Dual wavelength (W,Ka) • Pod-based scanning • Doppler (V, σv) CM-Radar • Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas • Two side-looking • top, bottom looking • Composite “surveillance” scan • Dual Doppler (V, σv) • 2x resolution of current system – using “smart” scanning • Dual polarization H,V linear • ZH, ZDR, KDP, RHOHV, LDR UV O3 DIAL/Clear air wind • 0.24-0.30 μm; 0.28-0.30 μm • 5 km range, 100 m for DIAL • 25 km range and 250 m for wind • Molecular scattering • Conical scanning Others? • Heterodyne Doppler lidar for PBL winds • CO2 DIAL • Vegetation lidar

39. Summary • CAPRIS will meet observational needs of broader scientific communities of climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology and larger scale dynamics. • Will fill the gap in current HIAPER instrumentation • All of the instruments will be built so that they are suitable for both airborne and ground-based deployment • Modular approach • Configure airborne platform for interdisciplinary research • Will modernize Lower Atmosphere Observing Facility remote sensors using the proven technology (phased array, polarization diversity and eye-safe LIDAR technology) • No instrument suite currently exists on an airborne platform that can tackle the wide range of atmospheric problems outlined in this presentation

40. Community Input Requested • Frequency Choice: X or C Band • Define Polarization Specifications • Degree of overlap of H and V antenna patterns, over what range of Az and El? • ICPR, over what range of Az and El? • Define Intelligent Scan Strategies • Incorporate simple and coded pulses and perhaps staggered PRTs • Incorporate polarization diversity, co-pol and cross-pol? • Define multiple beam scenarios • Spaced Antenna (SA) • Rapid scanning on the ground • Other?

41. Collaboration and/or Joint Development Opportunities

42. END

43. Example of a convective case (all rain) – raw C-band radar data from the UAH/NSSTC ARMOR radar Z ZDR KDP KDP Uncor-rected ZDR KDP Z Corrected PPI at 1.3 degrees elevevation

44. Histograms for Ah > 5 dB and Z_hs > 30.0 dBZ and Kdp > 0.0 deg/km

45. Retrieval of particle size (RES), LWC from mm-wave radar.

46. X-Pol Reflectivity S and X-band Radar Observations Total attenuation S-Pol Not good correction X-Pol corrected.

47. AESA Characteristics

48. CM-Wave Radar Performance ** 140 deg/sec scan rate

49. MM-Wave Radar Performance * Sensitivity can be increased at the expense of range resolution and/or along track spacing ** No Scanning; ~100 millisecond dwell time

50. IR H2O/DIALestimated performance • model scenario: alt: 7.6 km (25,000 ft) and resolution: 300 m, 60 sec • Approximate performance vs. existing H20 DIAL systems NOHD - range until beam is safe (ground operation, staring)