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Explore the fascinating topics of the Cambrian explosion, half-life and radioactive decay, dating methods, mass extinction events, transitional forms in whale ancestors, prokaryotes, the Miller-Urey experiment, conditions for life on other planets, and Darwin's theory of natural selection.
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Jeopardy Natural Selection History of Life Origin of Life Evidence of Evolution Taxonomy Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $500 Q $500 Q $500 Q $500 Q $500
$100 Question: History of Life What was the Cambrian explosion?
$100 Answer: History of Life An “explosion” of multicellular life that led to the emergence of many modern animal groups, including chordates (animals with spinal chords).
$200 Question: History of Life What is a half-life? Is the term necessarily accurate to how radioactive isotopes decay?
$200 Answer: History of Life Half-life is the amount of time, on average, it takes for half the nucleus of a radioactive isotope to decay. The term represents the average amount of time. The times can vary due to chance.
$300 Question: History of Life Why are relative and absolute dating often used together to determine the age of fossils?
$300 Answer: History of Life Both relative and absolute dating have some drawbacks. Relative dating can only be used to tell the age relative to other rock layers and fossils. Absolute dating may over- or underestimate the date due to chance.
$400 Question: History of Life What kinds of organisms survive mass extinction events? Explain in terms of their role in the food chain/web.Name and describe the causes of one mass extinction.
$400 Answer: History of Life Organisms that survive mass extinction events tend to be generalists that have more than one habitat and niche. Decomposers/ scavengers tend to survive more than photoautotrophs, whose light may be blocked. Permian - asteriod, volcanoes, O2 levels. Creteceaus-Palogene - asteriod/dust.
$500 Question: History of Life You are a paleontologist studying the transitional forms of whale ancestors/relatives. You are looking for a transitional from between Maiacetus and Dorudon. Describe the adaptations that you might be looking for in this transitional form.
$500 Answer: History of Life Maiacetus lived in the water, though mated/birthed on land; Dorudon was entirely marine. The transitional form might be entirely marine, with increasingly flipper-like forelimbs and a nostril on the top, rather than the front, of its head. It might also have a more stream-lined body than Maiacetus and reduced back legs. It would retain vestigial hindlimbs, and have an elongated jaw, sharp teeth, and move by flexing its spine up and down.
$100 Question: Origin of Life What is a prokaryote? Name an example.
$100 Answer: Origin of Life Unicellular organisms that lack membranes around their DNA. Bacteria (any kind); archaea.
$200 Question: Origin of Life What gas served as a source of carbon in the Miller-Urey experiment? What gas was NOT present on early earth?
$200 Answer: Origin of Life CH4- Methane O2 - Oxygen
$300 Question: Origin of Life How did Pasteur’s experiment disprove spontaneous generation?
$300 Answer: Origin of Life Pasteur proved that life could only come from other life by showing that sterilized broth would not go “bad” unless exposed to microbes.
$400 Question: Origin of Life What were the gasses used in the Miller-Urey experiment? What was the product? What does this product tell us about how life evolved on earth?
$400 Answer: Origin of Life CH4, NH3, H2, H2O Amino acids. This experiment tells us that the building blocks of life (amino acids make proteins) can form from basic chemicals in an anoxic (no oxygen) environment.
$500 Question: Origin of Life You are studying the possiblity of life on other planets. Describe the kind of environment you would look for on other planets as being condusive to supporting life.
$500 Answer: Origin of Life Look for planets that have water or traces of water, a reducing (anoxic) environment, carbon compounds, and a nitrogen source. An atomosphere that can sustain lighting storms probably would also help. The planet should be solid (as opposed to a gas giant), and should probably be near enough to the sun to receive light as a source of energy. These conditions do not guarentee life (for instance, Mars doesn’t currently seem to support life), but it would mimic Earth-like conditions.
$100 Question: Natural Selection What theory is Darwin credited with formulating?
$100 Answer: Natural Selection The theory of evolution by natural selection.
$200 Question: Natural Selection List the conditions necessary for evolution by natural selection to occur. Are all these conditions needed? Why or why not?
$200 Answer: Natural Selection Inheritable variation Overproduction of offspring Struggle for existence. Differential survival and reproduction. Yes, all the conditions are necessary for Evolution by natural selection to occur. Each is necessary; together they are sufficient.
$300 Question: Natural Selection An insecticide is a chemical that kills insects. Most insects are killed the first time they are exposed to an insecticide. However, some insects carry a gene that enables them to survive their first exposure to an insecticide. When these surviving insects reproduce, this gene may be inherited by their offspring. The number of insecticide-resistant insects usually increases over time because increasing numbers of offspring with this gene are able to survive and reproduce. Which process enables increasing numbers of insects to survive their exposure to an insecticide? A. Cloning. B. Mutation. C. Natural selection. D. Genetic engineering.
$300 Answer: Natural Selection C. Natural Selection.
$400 Question: Natural Selection Why is “survival of the fittest” not an accurate description of evolution?
$400 Answer: Natural Selection • Survival of the fittest doesn’t include reproduction. Also, who is fittest is context-specific - there’s no end goal in evolution. Whichever adaptation brings some advantage at a specific time in a specific environment is more likely to persist in the population.
$500 Question: Natural Selection Scientists studied four snake populations living in an island ecosystem. The table below summarizes some of the data gathered about the snakepopulations. All four snake species use camouflage to hide from predators. Six months after the snake study, a volcano erupted on the island and covered the area with a layer of black ash. The eruption caused many of the island rodent populations to decline. Based on this information, which snake population would be most likely to survive the effects of the volcanic eruption? WHY?
$500 Answer: Natural Selection Species C - Species C can camoflague in the new environment. As a generalist (eating more than one type of food), it is more likely to survive than the snakes who eat only the island’s rodents.
$100 Question: Taxonomy and Classification What is the correct formatting for a Scientific name? What is the scientific name For modern human beings? (In correct formatting!!!)
$100 Answer: Taxonomy and Classification Genus species. Homo sapiens.
$200 Question: Taxonomy and Classification What is the purpose of using scientific names?
$200 Answer: Taxonomy and Classification Many organisms are called by different names in different parts of the world. Scientific names give a universal way of referring to a single species by a single name. In addition, one name (for example “blue bird”) may be used for unrelated organisms. Lastly, scientific names can begin grouping species into genera and genera into families, etc.
$300 Question: Taxonomy Based on the chart, which of these is the bestconclusion about the fish? A. Fish Species A and Fish Species B are longer than the other twofishspecies. B. Fish Species C and Fish Species D are faster swimmers than the other two fish species C. Fish Species A and Fish Species B have more DNA sequences in common with each other than with the other two fish species D. Fish Species C and Fish Species D have more diet preferences in common with each other than with the othertwo fish species.
$300 Answer: Taxonomy C. Fish Species A and Fish Species B have more DNA sequences in common with each other than with the other two fish species.
$400 Question: Taxonomy You are a snake biologist asked to classify two snakes that appear similar. The snakes live in different areas: one lives in leaf litter, the other on rocky slopes. What criteria could you use to classify the snakes into one or more species? What additional information would you need in order to classify them?
$400 Answer: Taxonomy Morphological definition: Classify each based on their appearance and morphology. Ecological definition: Classify each based on niche. However, you would also want to compare them based on internal structure and DNA, since organisms that live in similar environments often have similar adaptations (phylogenetic definition of species). In addition, you would want to classify them based on whether they interbreed in the wild (biological definition). Since these are a milk and a coral snake, they are definitely different species!
$500 Question: Taxonomy and Classification How can disruptive selection lead to speciation? Explain in AT LEAST a paragraph. Give and explain an example! (Hypothetical examples are fine!)
$500 Answer: Taxonomy and Classification Disruptive selection can lead to speciation by selecting for extremes in a population. For example, in a population that contains a range of moth colors, light moths may survive better in light environment or during the day. Dark moths may survive better in dark environment or at night. Medium-color moths may be favored in neither environment or time period. This separation in time and space may lead to the two colors not encountering each other and mating – thereby leading to a reproductive barrier between the two. Over time, the two moth colors may no longer interbreed with each other, leading to speciation.
$100 Question: Evidence of Evolution What are three characteristics that make humans and whales mammals?
$100 Answer: Evidence of Evolution • -Regulation of internal body temperature • -Hair • -Bearing live young • Breathing atmospheric oxygen • Differentiated tooth types • Feeding young with milk
$200 Question: Evidence of Evolution Explain in terms of evolution by natural selection, why some whales have hipbones but sharks do not.
$200 Answer: Evidence of Evolution Whales are descended from land mammals, as transitional fossils show. They have hipbones because they once walked/swam using legs. These hips have become vestigial as the whale evolved, because back legs became disadvantages. Sharks are fish, so they are descended from marine creatures.
$300 Question: Evidence of Evolution Explain the evolutionary relationship between tail of a porpoise (a type of whale) and the tail of a tiger shark (a type of fish).
$300 Answer: Evidence of Evolution They are analogous adaptations - whales and sharks DO NOT have a recent common ancestor. Both are similar, but not the same in structure (one horizontal, one vertical) and function, but do not have an R.C.A.
$400 Question: Evidence of Evolution Select and defend one hypothesis concerning the origin of bipedalism. As part of your support for this hypothesis, address what you see as shortcomings in at least one other hypothesis.
$400 Answer: Evidence of Evolution Answers will vary depending on hypotheses selected.
$500 Question: Evidence of Evolution Based on your knowledge of human evolution, will humans lose their little toes in the future?
