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Classical Conclusions : Comparisons, Declines, & New Directions

Explore the declines in China, India, and Rome, and the rise of new religious movements like Christianity and Islam. Discover the shifts in political, social, and religious landscapes as civilizations integrated and expanded, leading to profound transformations. Learn about nomadic invasions, epidemics, and the spread of major world religions during this pivotal period.

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Classical Conclusions : Comparisons, Declines, & New Directions

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  1. Classical Conclusions:Comparisons, Declines, & New Directions Chapter 5 Pg. 98-117

  2. Expansion & Integration • Political, territorial, & social integration • China: centralization, common language • India: Hinduism • Mediterranean: weaker integration = more complete fall?

  3. Decline in China • Characteristics of decline: • Nomadic invasions • Reduced intellectual creativity • Reduced government control • Overburdened peasants • Epidemics • Postclassical preview: • Buddhism spreads, Daoism popularized • Sui & Tang dynasties revive civilization

  4. Decline in India • Characteristics of decline: • Least drastic due to vigor of trade & Hinduism • Loss of central control • Nomadic invasions • Postclassical preview: • Arab armies in NW India • Hinduism popularized • Scientific & economic vigor decline

  5. 1 of 2 Decline in Rome • Characteristics of decline: • Most drastic due to lack of commonalities • Weak emperors • Epidemics • Cultural decay • Nomadic invasion • Exceptions: • Diocletian • Constantine

  6. 2 of 2 Decline in Rome • Postclassical preview: • East= continues as Byzantium, culturally strong • N. Af= power vacuum • West= chaos, farmers offer land & labor to landlords for protection

  7. New Religious Map • End of classical period: rise & spread of many major religions • Invasions • Epidemics • Trade • World religions begin displacing polytheistic & animistic faiths

  8. Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism • Buddhism spread to East & SE Asia while becoming increasingly: • Led by monks • Emotionally spiritual • Artistic • Organized • Based on prayer & ritual • Hinduism & Daoism gained popularity

  9. Spread of Buddhism Spread of Christianity • By 325 CE • By 600 CE

  10. 1 of 2 Christianity, Islam • Christianity= beliefs & worship of Jesus • 1 supreme God: trinity • Spiritual dedication over worldly concerns • Afterlife through belief, good deeds, rituals • Equality of all believers • Intolerance of other beliefs

  11. 2 of 2 Christianity, Islam • Spread due to disciples, organization, & historical context • Modeled Rome’s imperial government • Organized Bible & missionaries • Infrastructure made travel easy • Significantly altered European culture • Islam rises soon in postclassical era

  12. Global Connections • Civ’s must face reviving institutions • Societies must react to new religions • Civilization continued to spread to new societies • International contacts accelerated in the wake of classical decline

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