1 / 45

Advanced High-Speed Communication Engineering: Optical Devices for Photonic Networks

This lecture covers the background and future of photonic networks, as well as optical devices and integrated circuits used in these networks. Topics include the growth of internet traffic, power consumption forecasts, and emerging optical interconnection technologies.

lcollier
Download Presentation

Advanced High-Speed Communication Engineering: Optical Devices for Photonic Networks

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 先端超高周波情報工学(博士後期課程)先端超高速情報工学(留学生特別コース） Advanced High-Speed Communication Engineering Optical devices and integrated optical circuits for photonic network applications Lecture on July 2, 2015 Hirohito Yamada

  2. Self-intoroduction Hirohito Yamada 1987 Graduated from Dep. of Electronics, Graduate School of Eng.,Tohoku Univ. Doctor Engineering in study of surface emitting laser diodes 1987 – 1997 Research Laboratories, NEC Corp. Research and development of laser diodes for optical communications 1997 – 1998 Physical Sciences, NEC Research Institute, Inc., Princeton, NJ Research of wavelength tunable lasers with photorefractive materials 1998 – 2006 Research Laboratories, NEC Corp. Research of photonic crystal and Si-wire waveguide devices 2006 – Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Education in Department of Communications Engineering Research of Si photonic devices for optical communications

  3. Lecture contents Purpose of this lecture: -To understand background of requiring photonic networks -To study about future photonic networksystems - To study about optical devices and integrated optical circuits Lecture contents: - Background of requiring high capacity optical network -Photonic network and photonic node -Optical devices and integrated optical circuits for photonic network Lecture slide can be downloaded from: http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~babe Any questions: E-mail: yamada@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp

  4. Background of requiring high-speed network

  5. Optical fiber submarine networks Cited from https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/solutions/submarine-networks

  6. Spreading application range of optical communication Storage Area Network(SAN) with Active Optical Cable(AOC) Universal Bus Interface for PC Light Peak Backplane of a server Bus interface for the SONYVAIO Z

  7. Growth of internet traffic in Japan Total download traffic in Japan was about 2.6T bps at the end of 2013 Daily average value Annual growth rate: 30% Total download traffic in Japan Total upload traffic in Japan 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Cited from: H26年度版情報通信白書

  8. Power consumption forecast of network equipments Domestic internet traffic is increasing 40%/year If increasing trend continue, by 2024, power consumption of ICT equipments will exceed total power generation at 2007 Total power generation at 2007 Power consumption Total internet traffic (Tbps) Annual power consumption of network equipments (×1011Wh) Network traffic year http://www.aist-victories.org/jp/about/outline.html

  9. Spreading application range of optical communication Rack to rack → Board to board → Chip to chip → On chip interconnection Active optical cable (AOC) Up to 100m Infiniband DDR(20Gbps)AWG24 Up to 20m Light Peak Cited from: C. Gunn, “CMOS Photonics™ Technology Enabling Optical Interconnects” Luxtera, Inc.

  10. Optical module for board-to-board optical link IBM Power775super computer 10Gbps, 12ch(120Gbps) Parallel optical module MicroPODTM made by Avago System board of Power775

  11. On chip optical interconnection for LSI Global interconnection Optical interconnection Local interconnection Transistor layer Emerging performance limit of LSI Many core architecture • - Clock frequency • Power consumption • Noise problem Performance limit of electrical interconnection Optical interconnection Electrical interconnection • High speed • Low power consumption • Low noise Cross-section of LSI chip(Intel) 130nm 6-layer cupper wire

  12. Signal transmission capacity Question: How much information can be transmitted by a thin piece of optical fiber ? A. 100G bps (1G = 109) B. 10T bps (1T = 1012) C. 1P bps (1P = 1015) Hint: - FTTH (NTT FLETS・光 Premium, KDDI au光): 1G bps - AppleNext Gen. Thunderbolt: 20G bps

  13. Multiplexing in telecommunications t1 t2 t3 t1 t2 t3 t 1 msec Signal bandwidth f1 f2 f3 f4 frequency Bandwidth of transmission line Single transmission line Time-division multiplexing (TDM) Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

  14. Multiplexing in optical communications Electrical multiplexing Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 -Electrical time-division multiplexing (ETDM) - Electrical frequency-division multiplexing (EFDM) time (frequency) Up to 100G bps, limited by response speed of electronics Electrical Optical 40G bps Light Source Photo Detector/ Demodulator Optical Modulator Optical fiber 40G bps 40G bps bps: bit per second ETDM or EFDM Multiplexer Demultiplexer 1G bps 1G bps 100M bps 100M bps 64k bps 64k bps

  15. Optical Modulation Optical modulator Direct modulation of laser diode - Electro-absorption (EA) optical modulator Optical signal Light output 40G bps EA modulator (OKI) - LiNbO3(LN) MZI optical modulator Current Electrical signal L-I characteristics of laser diode LN optical modulator(Sumitomo Osaka Cement)

  16. Developing history of optical-link capacity 1st generation with ETDM, EFDM (Electrical method) 10,000 Laboratory Commercial system ETDM ETDM 1,000 100 FA-10G 10 F-1.6G Transmission capacity(Gbit/s) F-2.4G FSA-2.4G FA-2.4G 1 F-1.8G new F-600M F-600M FS-400M F-400M With optical amplifier 0.1 SDH System F-100M With dispersion shifted optical fiber F-32M 0.01 With DFB-LD With single-mode fiber 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Developing history of optical-link capacity in Japan

  17. Multiplexing method of 1st and 2nd generations Electrical multiplexing (1st generation) Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 -Electrical time-division multiplexing (ETDM) - Electrical frequency-division multiplexing (EFDM) time (frequency) Up to 100Gbps, limited by response speed of electronics Optical multiplexing (2nd generation) -Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) Using many different wavelength as different channel More than 10T bps transmission (40G bps×273 wave＝10.9T bps, 117km) have been demonstrated in 2001 λ1 λ1 λ2 λ2 λ3 λ3 ~21 THz WDM transmission λ4 λ4 λ5 λ5 S-band C-band L-band λ6 λ6 λ7 λ7 -Optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) 1460nm 1530nm 1565nm 1625nm Bandwidth of silica optical fiber

  18. WDM transmission with single fiber Single fiber λ1 λ1 40G bps Laser MOD PD λ2 40G bps λ2 MOD Laser PD 120G bps 40G bps λ3 λ3 Laser MOD PD DEMOD 40G bps Wavelength Demultiplexer Wavelength Multiplexer DEMOD Electrical Multiplexing DEMOD 40G bps 40G bps Electrical Demltiplexing 40G bps 40G bps 40G bps

  19. Developing history of optical-link capacity 1st generation with ETDM, EFDM (Electrical method) 3rd 2nd generation using WDM and Optical Amp. (Optical method) 10,000 Laboratory Commercial system ETDM ETDM 1,000 WDM + ETDM WDM + ETDM 1.6T (40G×40) OTDM 100 WDM + OTDM FA-10G 10 F-1.6G Transmission capacity(Gbit/s) F-2.4G FSA-2.4G FA-2.4G 1 F-1.8G WDM System new F-600M F-600M FS-400M F-400M With optical amplifier 0.1 SDH System F-100M With dispersion shifted optical fiber F-32M 0.01 With DFB-LD F-6M With single-mode fiber 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Developing history of optical-link capacity in Japan

  20. Multiplexing method of 3rd generations Code-division multiplexing (CDM) (3rd generation) Digital coherent optical transmission Electrical Multilevel modulation‥‥QAM, DPSK/DQPSK/DP-QPSK etc. Coherent transmission‥‥modulating both amplitude and phase of lightwave Opticalorthogonal detection, Optical heterodyne/homodyne detection Digital signal processing (DSP)‥‥Error correction code (FEC) Electrical

  21. Increasing transmission capacity of optical link 1P What technology drive next gen. 1st Gen. 2nd Gen. 3rd Gen. ? 100T Multilevel Modulation Digital coherent 10T 1T WDM OTDM Transmission capacity per single fiber(bps) 100G ETDM EFDM Electrical Mux.(Laboratory) 10G Electrical Mux.(Commercial) Optical Mux.(Laboratory) 1G Optical Mux.(Commercial) 100M 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 year

  22. Multiplexing method of 4th generations Space-division multiplexing (SDM) (4th generation) Optical 1. SDM using an optical fiber with multi-core 1.01P bps (380G bps×222 wavelength×12 core) 52.4 km transmission with multi-core fiber (NTT, Fujikura Ltd, Hokkaido Univ. and Technical University of Denmark reported in ECOC2012) core core Ch1 Ch1 Ch2 Ch2 Ch3 Ch3 Ch4 Ch4 125 μm SDM transmission with a multi-core fiber Cross section of 19 core fiber (Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd) clad core Conventional single-core fiber 125 μm

  23. Multiplexing method of 4th generations Space-division multiplexing (SDM) (4th generation) Optical 2. SDM using spatial modes with a multi-mode fiber SDM transmission with a multi-mode fiber Mode1 Mode2 Mode3 Mode4 Mode5 LP01 mode LP02 mode LP11 mode LP21 mode LP31 mode Propagating modes in a multimode fiber Each spatial mode transmit different signal as different channel

  24. Multiplexing method of 4th generations 3. Multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) transmission with a multi-mode fiber Tx1 Rx1 Tx2 Rx2 Tx3 Rx3 Tx1 Rx1 Tx2 Rx2 MIMO transmission for wireless systems “Space” is the final frontier of optical communication Tx3 Rx3

  25. Increasing transmission capacity of optical link 1P (12 core) 1P 4th Gen. 1st Gen. 2nd Gen. 3rd Gen. Multicore fiber 305T (19 core) 100T 109T (7 core) +40%/year Multilevel Modulation Digital coherent 10T 1.6T 2.6T (2013) 1T WDM OTDM Total network traffic in Japan Transmission capacity per single fiber(bps) 100G ETDM EFDM Electrical Mux.(Laboratory) 10G Electrical Mux.(Commercial) Optical Mux.(Laboratory) 1G Optical Mux.(Commercial) 100M 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 year

  26. Needs for developing new technology Fan-in/Fan-outfor multi-core fiber Compact fan-in/fan-out Masaki Nara, “Vertical Coupling Optical Interface for Single Lithography Silicon Photonics” Fan-in/Fan-out for multi-core fiber

  27. Needs for developing new technology Optical amplifier for multi-core fiber Connector for multi-core fiber Furukawa Electric Co, Ltd Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd Spatial-mode converter for multi-mode fiber Kyushu Univ. New studies are starting to explore the small “space”

  28. Optical network node Optical link (optical fiber) node (router) node (router) node Optical(O) – Electrical(E) – Optical(O) Photo diode Electronic switch Laser diode Optical modulator Optical signal Buffer memory Laser diode Optical modulator Electrical signal Header analysys Optical devices Laser diode Optical modulator Label detection Electron devices Construction of router

  29. Switching method Circuit switch Packet switch Packet switch Label Data Circuit switching ex) telephone One line is exclusively used by end-to-end Packet switching ex) data communication, Internet One line is shared by all user

  30. Packet switching Routing table Routing table label Port label Port ① 1 ① 1 ② 2 ② 1 ③ 3 ③ 1 ④ 4 ④ 2 ④ ① ⑤ 4 ⑤ 3 ⑥ 4 ⑥ 4 1 2 ② 4 1 2 3 ⑤ 3 4 ③ Packet switch Packet switch ⑥ Every data is divided by a unit of packet Each packet has a label which inform destination address of data Routing table is made by the address information of each packet Packet switch outputs packet at any port based on routing table

  31. Processing speed bottleneck in each node node Optical link (optical fiber) node (router) node (router) node Link capacity: 10Tbps (40Gbps × 256 waveWDM) Processing speed: 100Gbps Expressway Tollgate Traffic jam

  32. Resolving bottleneck by photonic network node Optical link (optical fiber) node (router) node (router) node Link capacity: 10Tbps (40Gbps × 256 waveWDM) Processing speed: 100Gbps Expressway ETC system

  33. What is photonic network Mesh-type NW OPS router OPS router OPS router Next generation network routing optical signal without OE/EO conversion (OE/EO: optical → electrical / electrical → optical) WDM ring-type network OADM(Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) OXC(Optical cross connect) OADM OADM OXC WDM ring NW WDM ring NW OADM OADM WDM mesh-type network Photonic MPLS(Multi-Protocol Label Switching) OBS(Optical Burst Switching) OPS(Optical Packet Switching)

  34. Wavelength Router l3 l1 l1 l3 Output port can be switched by changing wavelength l1 DEMUX MUX l2 Port 1 Port 5 l3 l4 l1 DEMUX MUX l2 Port 2 Port 6 l3 l4 l1 MUX DEMUX l2 Port 3 Port 7 l3 l4 l1 MUX DEMUX l2 Port 4 Port 8 l3 l4

  35. SiO2 clad SiO2core 0.5 mm 0.5 mm Si substrate 50 mm 50 mm Arrayed waveguide grating(AWG) N×Nwavelength router can be constructed by an N×N AWG λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λ1,λ2,λ3, …, λN λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λ2,λ3,λ4, …, λ1 λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λ3,λ4,λ5, …, λ2 λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λN,λ1,λ2, …, λN-1 Extremely small AWG can be realized by Si-wire waveguide Made of silica waveguide Size 1/1000 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) AWG made by Si-wire waveguide

  36. Microheaters Electrode Port1 Si-wire waveguide Port2 Port8 Thermo-optic switch with Si-wire waveguide T. Chu et al., Optics Express 13, 10109 (2005) T. Chu et al., Proc. SPIE 6477(2007) Footprint size: 4 mm×2 mm Switching characteristics Photograph of the 1×8 switch

  37. Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer(OADM) OADM l1‥‥ ln WDM signal li li OADM l1‥‥ ln WDM signal li li OADM Certain wavelength signal can be dropped out or added in OADM OADM OADM WDM ring NW OADM R-OADM (Reconfigurable OADM) Add/Drop wavelength can be settable OADM OADM OADM WDM ring NW OADM

  38. R-OADM made of Si-wire waveguide L d L=370 nm d=30 nm electrodes add in 3-dB coupler signal in Bragg grating through 500 mm heater 3-dB coupler drop out 700 mm T. Chu et al., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1409 (2006) - Wavelength tuning by T-O effect - Wavelength tuning range:6.6 nm - Channel switching time:< 100 μsec Demultiplexing characteristics Wavelength tuning characteristics

  39. Tunable wavelength laser Tunable laser with ring resonator

  40. Function and construction of OPS node Routing control ‥‥ Producing routing table Label processing‥‥ Reading label information and deciding output port based on routing table Switching ‥‥ Switching output port of packet Packet Scheduling ‥ ‥ Controlling output timing to avoid packet collision Buffering ‥‥ Keeping data waiting a while for the timing of output Routing (Producing routing table) Label processing (Deciding output port) Scheduling (Packet collision control) Label Date Switching (Switching output port) Buffering (waiting data output) Output

  41. Optical label processing l1 l4 l3 l2 l2 l1 l3 l4 Data Data Data t Color label Color label l2 l3 l4 l1 Circulator Optical fiber grating Matching of label and grating pattern Missmatching Data Data Data t

  42. Optical Buffer |3> |2> |1> 1. Based on Optical Delay Line and Optical Switch optical delay line optical delay line optical delay line optical switch optical switch optical switch 2. Based on Slow Light Electromagnetically Induced Transparency(EIT) transmittance 0.9μK(-273℃) Natrium (Na) 300,000km/s　→　28m/s coupling probe 70～90K(-203～-183℃) Rubidium (Rb) absorption 300,000km/s　→　1km/s probe frequency

  43. Integrated Optical Circuit Integrating various micro photonic devices Micro photonic devices for optical network Si waveguide Optical switch MUX/DEMUX Resonator Photonic Network Photonic node Photonic network Integrated optical circuit

  44. Reporting Assignment Describe your idea of the future network which can solve problems of explosion of network traffic, and what can we do for enjoying comfortable and ecological network life. Format: Word or PDF File Submission to yamada@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp Deadline: 3rd August

  45. Moore's Law Observation based on the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every two years (Performance of electronics doubles every 18 months) Predicted by Gordon Moore (One of founders of Intel corp.) in 1965 Core i7 Collapse of Moore’s Law Core 2 Duo Evolution of Intel CPU

More Related