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Boundless Lecture Slides for the Vertebrate Visual System, Taste and Olfaction, and Hearing and Equilibrium

Enhance your lectures with Boundless lecture slides on the vertebrate visual system, taste and olfaction, and hearing and equilibrium. These customizable slides are available for free on the Boundless Teaching Platform.

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Boundless Lecture Slides for the Vertebrate Visual System, Taste and Olfaction, and Hearing and Equilibrium

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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  4. The Vertebrate Visual System Special Senses Taste and Olfaction Hearing and Equilibrium ] Special Senses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Special Senses > The Vertebrate Visual System The Vertebrate Visual System • Anatomy of the Eye • Transduction of Light • Visual Processing Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/special-senses-15/the-vertebrate-visual-system-145/

  6. Special Senses > Taste and Olfaction Taste and Olfaction • Tastes and Odors • Reception and Transduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/special-senses-15/taste-and-olfaction-146/

  7. Special Senses > Hearing and Equilibrium Hearing and Equilibrium • Sound • The Vestibular System • Reception of Sound • Transduction of Sound Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/special-senses-15/hearing-and-equilibrium-147/

  8. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. Special Senses Key terms • amplitudemeasure of a wave from its highest point to its lowest point; heard as volume • cochleathe complex, spirally coiled, tapered cavity of the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses • conecell located near the center of the retina that is weakly photosensitive and is responsible for color vision in relatively bright light • frequencycharacterized as a periodic vibration that is audible; property of sound that most determines pitch and is measured in hertz • incussmall anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear; connects the malleus to the stapes • malleussmall hammer-shaped bone of the middle ear • odorantany substance that has a distinctive smell, especially one added to something (such as household gas) for safety purposes • olfactoryconcerning the sense of smell • optic chiasmafound at the base of the brain and coordinates information from both eyes • ossiclea small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear • papillaa nipple-like anatomical structure • pinnathe visible, cartilaginous part of the ear that resides outside of the head and collects sound waves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Special Senses • receptora protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions • retinathe thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain • rhodopsina light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina; it consists of an opsin protein bound to the carotenoid retinal • roda rod-shaped cell located in the outer retina of the eye that is extremely sensitive to light • stapessmall stirrup-shaped bone of the middle ear • stereociliumany of many nonmotile cellular structures resembling long microvilli; those of the inner ear are responsible for auditory transduction • superior colliculusthe primary area of the brain where eye movements are coordinated and integrated with auditory information • suprachiasmatic nucleuscluster of cells that is considered to be the body's internal clock, which controls our circadian (day-long) cycle • tastantany substance that stimulates the sense of taste • tonic activitywhen photoreceptors become slightly active even when not stimulated by light • transduceto convert energy from one form to another • tympanuminnermost part of the outer ear; the eardrum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Special Senses • ultrasoundsound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hz • umamione of the five basic tastes, the savory taste of foods such as seaweed, cured fish, aged cheeses and meats • vestibular systemthe sensory system in mammals that contributes to movement, sense of balance, and spatial orientation • vestibulocochlearof or pertaining to the vestibular and cochlear nerves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Special Senses Retina (a) The human eye is shown in cross section. The human eye contains structures, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and fovea, that process light so it can be deciphered by the retina. Other structures like the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor help maintain the shape of the eye. (b) A blowup shows the layers of the retina. The retina contains photoreceptive cells. In the retina, light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  13. Special Senses Rods and cones Rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods respond in low light and can detect only shades of gray. Cones respond in intense light and are responsible for color vision. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  14. Special Senses Human olfactory system In the human olfactory system, (a) bipolar olfactory neurons extend from (b) the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the olfactory bulb. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Taste and Smell. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/Figure_36_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Special Senses Taste buds (a) Foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae are located on different regions of the tongue. (b) Foliate papillae are prominent protrusions on this light micrograph. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Taste and Smell. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/Figure_36_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Special Senses The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC) The presence of light and darkness influences circadian rhythms and related physiology and behavior through the SCN. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Suprachiasmatic nucleus."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleusView on Boundless.com

  17. Special Senses Vestibular labrynth The structure of the vestibular labyrinth is made up of five vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear: the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular canals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/Figure_36_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Special Senses Amplitude For sound waves, wavelength corresponds to pitch. The amplitude of the wave corresponds to volume. The sound wave shown with a dashed line is softer in volume than the sound wave shown with a solid line. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/Figure_36_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Special Senses Uniform distribution of taste receptors (the myth of the tongue map) Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, this traditional tongue map is no longer valid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikispaces."ehumanbiofield - Sense of Taste WikiPage NLL."CC BY-SAhttps://ehumanbiofield.wikispaces.com/Sense+of+Taste+WikiPage+NLLView on Boundless.com

  20. Special Senses Uniform Distribution of Taste Receptors Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, the traditional tongue map is no longer valid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."The Tongue."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1402_The_Tongue.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Special Senses Rod and cone cells Human rod cells and the different types of cone cells each have an optimal wavelength. However, there is considerable overlap in the wavelengths of light detected. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Special Senses Rhodopsin (a) Rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts: the trans-membrane protein opsin and retinal. When light strikes the retinal, it changes shape from (b) a cis to a trans form. The signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin, triggering a series of downstream events. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Special Senses Hyperpolarized visual receptors When light strikes rhodopsin, the G-protein transducin is activated, which in turn activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to GMP, thereby closing sodium channels. As a result, the membrane becomes hyperpolarized. The hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to the bipolar cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Special Senses Human ear Sound travels through the outer ear to the middle ear, which is bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three bones called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window, the exterior boundary of the inner ear. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/Figure_36_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Special Senses Inner ear The inner ear can be divided into three parts: the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea, all of which are located in the temporal bone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.pngView on Boundless.com

  26. Special Senses Transduction In the human ear, sound waves cause the stapes to press against the oval window. Vibrations travel up the fluid-filled interior of the cochlea. The basilar membrane that lines the cochlea gets continuously thinner toward the apex of the cochlea. Different thicknesses of membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound. Sound waves then exit through the round window. In the cross section of the cochlea (top right figure), note that in addition to the upper canal and lower canal, the cochlea also has a middle canal. The organ of Corti (bottom image) is the site of sound transduction. Movement of stereocilia on hair cells results in an action potential that travels along the auditory nerve. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/Figure_36_04_03abcf.pngView on Boundless.com

  27. Special Senses Diagram of the middle ear The middle ear exists between the tympanic membrane (the boundary with the outer ear) and the oval window (the boundary with the inner ear) and consists of three bones: the malleus (meaning hammer), the incus (meaning anvil), and the stapes (meaning stirrup). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png."CC BY 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.pngView on Boundless.com

  28. Special Senses Attribution • Wiktionary."receptor."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor • Wiktionary."umami."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umami • Wiktionary."olfactory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/olfactory • virtualgardneranatphys Wikispace."Smell Fall 2011."CC BY-SA 3.0https://virtualgardneranatphys.wikispaces.com/Smell+Fall+2011 • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."papilla."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla • Wiktionary."tastant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tastant • Wiktionary."odorant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/odorant • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."frequency."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frequency • Wiktionary."amplitude."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amplitude • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/ultrasound • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."incus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incus • Wiktionary."pinna."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pinna • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tympanum • Wiktionary."malleus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malleus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  29. Special Senses • Wiktionary."stapes."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stapes • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."ossicle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossicle • Wiktionary."transduce."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduce • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. June 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/45f94050-f136-4699-9779-b2953173b7bf@5 • Wiktionary."cochlea."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cochlea • Wiktionary."stereocilium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stereocilium • Wiktionary."vestibulocochlear."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vestibulocochlear • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/vestibular-system • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."rod."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rod • Wiktionary."cone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cone • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."retina."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retina • Wikibooks."Ophthalmology/Anatomy of the Eye."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ophthalmology/Anatomy_of_the_Eye • Wiktionary."transduction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduction • Wiktionary."rhodopsin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhodopsin • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tonic-activity • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  30. Special Senses • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/suprachiasmatic-nucleus • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/optic-chiasma • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/superior-colliculus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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