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ANPS Anatomy & Physiology

Learn about the types, classifications, and modifications of joints along with motion terms in anatomy and physiology. Discover the structure and function of synovial joints and the role of ligaments and tendons.

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ANPS Anatomy & Physiology

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  1. ANPS Anatomy & Physiology Joints, Muscles and Movement I

  2. Joints/Articulations • points of contact – where bone meets bone • compromise between stability vs mobility • properties and support of a joint depend on its function • shape of joint surfaces or articular surfaces • ligaments (connective tissue from bone to bone; • can be part of articular capsule) • tendons (connective tissue from muscle to bone)

  3. Joint Types/Classifications Bony – bone on bone Fibrous – bones linked by fibrous connective tissue (suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis) Cartilagenous – bones linked by cartilage connective tissue (synchondrosis, symphysis) Synovial Joints – ends of bones not connected by connective tissue; contains joint cavity (many types) little/no movement movement

  4. Bony joint – frontal bone Glabella Supraorbital foramen (or notch) Supraciliary arch Frontal bones newborn skull

  5. Sutures - Fibrous joint Coronal Anterior Sagittal Pterion Posterior Lamboid

  6. 1st costal joint - Cartilagenous joint clavicle first rib

  7. Basic Synovial Joint Architecture Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilage at ends of bones Joint capsule – fibrous capsule reinforcing joint Synovial membrane – capsule lining; produce synovialfluid Joint cavity – space in capsule separating articular cartilage

  8. Synovial Joint Modifications Articular disc – fibrocartilage disc that supports joint shock or fit (vertebral disc/meniscus in knee) Labrum – fibrocartilage ring that deepens a synovial joint (shoulder/hip joints) Bursa – closed synovial sac reducing friction between surfaces Ligaments – bone/bone connective tissue supporting capsule Tendons – muscle/bone connective tissue; can support capsule

  9. glenoid fossa bursa labrum labrum shoulder joint hip joint

  10. Synovial Joint Modifications Articular disc – fibrocartilage disc that supports joint shock or fit (vertebral disc/meniscus in knee) Labrum – fibrocartilage ring that deepens a synovial joint (shoulder/hip joints) Bursa – closed synovial sac reducing friction between surfaces Ligaments – bone/bone connective tissue supporting capsule Tendons – muscle/bone connective tissue; can support capsule

  11. Types of Synovial Joints Gliding / planar joint – sliding movement (sternoclavicular joint) Hinge joint – joints permitting flexion/extension (elbow/knee joints) Pivot joint – joints permitting rotation (atlantoaxial/radioulnar joints) Saddle joint – saddle shaped articular surfaces (metacarpal finger joint) Ball/socket joint – best known (shoulder/hip joints)

  12. Motion terms Flexion and Extension. Usually occurs in the sagittal plane. Flexion typically results in a decrease in joint angle. Extension typically results in an increase in joint angle. Abduction and Adduction. Usually occurs in the coronal plane. Abduction typically results in movement awayfrom the midsagittal plane. Adduction typically results in movement towardthe midsagittal plane. Medial- and Lateral-Rotation. Movement along the long axis of a long bone. Medial rotation anterior surface rotates medially towards the midsagittal plane. Lateral rotation anterior surface rotates laterally away from midsagittal plane.

  13. Motion terms Pronation and Supination. Pronation - rotation of radioulnar joint such that the palm is down. Supination - rotation of radioulnar joint such that palm is up. Protraction and Retraction. Protraction - forward (anterior) movement of body part. Retraction - backward (posterior) movement of body part. Elevation and Depression. Elevation - superior movement of body part (i.e., scapula). Depression - inferior movement of body part (i.e. scapula).

  14. Motion terms Inversion and Eversion. Inversion – inward rotation of foot such that the sole is turned medially. Eversion – outward rotation of foot such that the sole is turned laterally. Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion. Dorsiflexion – flexion of foot at the ankle joint towards the leg. Plantarflexion – extension at the ankle joint or flexion of foot towards the sole (pointing toes). Opposition. Movement of thumb such that it can touch all other digits. Lateral Bending. Side to side bending (as in vertebral column) in coronal plane.

  15. Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder joint)

  16. Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder joint) * * capsule reinforced by: 4 ligaments (blue asterisk) and rotator cuff muscle tendons (red asterisks) * * * (3)*

  17. Elbow joint (humeroradial/humeroulnar joints) Radioulnar joint

  18. Hip joint Hip Joint * * *

  19. Knee joint * * * Medial collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament *“unhappy triad”

  20. Muscles and motion • For action, muscles cross 1 or more joints. • Muscles can have multiple actions • Actions dependent on joints crossed, size (complexity) and distal attachments • Principal vs secondary actions • On axial skeleton, unilateral actions of muscles can be different from bilateral actions • Coordinate actions of multiple muscles can be different from actions of individual muscles (sum is different from its components).

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