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114 COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALS

114 COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALS. Responsibilities of the User. Identify User Requirements Coordinate with the S-6 to ensure requirements are met Be familiar with proper operation of certain types of equipment Comply with security measures Report outages as quickly as possible

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114 COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALS

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  1. 114 COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALS

  2. Responsibilities of the User • Identify User Requirements • Coordinate with the S-6 to ensure requirements are met • Be familiar with proper operation of certain types of equipment • Comply with security measures • Report outages as quickly as possible • Report enemy interference to immediately

  3. Assets at Your Disposal • Radio • Single Channel Radio (SCR) • HF • VHF • UHF • UHF-Tactical Satellite (TACSAT) • Multi Channel Radio (MUX) • Terrestrial • Satellite

  4. 114.1 Discuss the following frequency bands as they apply to Navy/MarineCommunications. • a. UHF • Military UHF radio equipment operates in the 116-150 MHz upper VHF frequency range and the 225-400 MHz military UHF radio spectrum. • MAGTF UHF radio sets are capable of data communication at 16 kbps under optimal conditions. The primary limiting factor when using UHF radios is range (critical line of sight). For this reason, UHF radios are primarily used in air to ground communications.

  5. UHF (Air Band) Communications • 225 to 400 MHZ for the US military • Critical LOS propagation • USMC Radios • Ground Radios: • PRC-113, VRC-83, GRC-171A • Aircraft Radios: • ARC-210

  6. Common UHF (Air Band) Radio Nets • Tactical Air Direction (TAD) • Helicopter Direction (HD) • Landing Zone (LZ) Control • Squadron Common • Guard • SAR

  7. UHF Characteristics andPlanning Factors • UHF frequency propagation is often described with the following phrases: • “Critical LOS” or “Optical LOS” • UHF waves basically do not diffract around the curvature of the Earth so, theoretically, if the two antennas can “see” each other, they can communicate • UHF waves do reflect a great deal, so they exhibit better performance in urban areas • UHF waves are extremely susceptible to absorption by foliage, especially pine needles, so they don’t exhibit very good performance in rural areas

  8. UHF Characteristics and Planning Factors (cont’d) • Range depends on the following criteria: • Terrain and other obstacles between antennas • Transmitter and receiver antenna height • Transmitter power output • Very vulnerable to accurate Radio Direction Finding (RDF)

  9. Radio LOS vs Optical/Critical LOS

  10. Frequency Bands (Cont.) • b. VHF • The primary MAGTF VHF radio is the single channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS). The system provides high security against threat EW by using frequency hopping with integrated COMSEC. It is capable of voice and data transmission (up to 16 kbps under optimum conditions and over limited distances) over the VHF-FM frequency range of 30–87.975 MHz.

  11. Common VHF Radio Nets • Tactical (TAC) • Combat Service Support Request (CSS REQ) • Convoy Control • Artillery Conduct of Fire (Arty COF) • Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) Local • Fire Support Coordination (FSC) • Landing Force Shore Party (LFSP) • Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC)

  12. Frequency Bands (Cont.) • c. HF • - HF radio equipment is capable of both long- and short-range secure voice and data communications. Data communications capability is typically limited to rates of 2.4 kbps. Data transmission requires modems specifically designed for operation in this band of the radio spectrum. MAGTF HF radio equipment includes the AN/PRC-104 manpack, the vehicle-mounted AN/MRC-138, the AN/GRC-193, and the AN/TSC-120 with automatic link establishment capability.

  13. HF Propagation • Two types of HF Propagation • Ground Wave • Sky Wave

  14. HF Ground Wave Characteristics and Planning Factors • Vertical whip antenna is normally best • Range depends on the following criteria: • Terrain and other obstacles between antennas • Transmitter and receiver antenna height • Transmitter power output • Direct Wave diffracts well around the curvature of the Earth • Much more vulnerable than Sky Wave to accurate Radio Direction Finding (RDF) • Absorbed slightly by foliage, but not as much as VHF/UHF

  15. Sky Waves • Composed of three subordinate categories of waves: • Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) • Pronounced “NIN-viss” • High Angle of Incidence with Ionosphere (approaching 90 degrees) • Medium-Haul Sky Wave • Medium Angle of Incidence with Ionosphere (approximately 50 degrees) • Long-Haul Sky Wave • Low Angle of Incidence with Ionosphere (approximately 20 degrees)

  16. Sky Waves NVIS Medium-Haul Long-Haul Ground

  17. The Ionosphere • The Ionosphere is composed of four layers: • D Layer – 29 to 54 miles altitude • E Layer – 54 to 84 miles altitude • F1 Layer – 84 to 153 miles altitude • F2 Layer – 153 to 248+ miles altitude

  18. The Ionosphere

  19. NVIS Advantages • Minimizes / eliminates skip zone • Harder to jam / DF (relative to Medium/Long-Haul Sky Wave communications) • Can do it on the move • Stronger signal due to less distance traveled

  20. NVIS Disadvantages • Frequency availability/suitability • Noisier/poorer quality signal due to lower frequencies used • Only good to approximately 250 miles

  21. Disadvantages of HF • Limited to 2.4 kbps • May be intercepted and traced by enemies hundreds of miles away • Limited bandwidth available in this spectrum ultimately limits data throughput • Needs to be consistently monitored • Solar storms can eliminate all HF

  22. Common HF Radio Nets • Command • Intelligence • Naval Gun Fire (NGF) Spot • Helicopter Support Team (HST) Control • Tactical Air Request/Helicopter Request (TAR/HR) • Combat Service Support Request (CSS REQ)

  23. Frequency Bands (Cont.)

  24. 114.2 Discuss the capabilities and uses of the following radios: • a. AN/PRC-104

  25. Purpose • Provide secure or plain text, half-duplex reception and transmission of High Frequency (HF) voice or data long range radio communication.

  26. Basic Characteristics • Frequency Range: 2-29.9999 MHz (HF) • Channel Spacing: 100 Hz (280,000 Channels) • Power Output: 20 Watts (PEP) • Planning Range • Ground Wave: 0-20 Miles • Power Source: 24VDC (nominal)

  27. Basic Characteristics • Primary Battery: BA-5590 (x2) • Major SL-3 Components • RT-1209 - Transceiver • AM-6874 - RF Amplifier & Antenna Coupler • CY-7875 - Battery Case (x2)

  28. 114.2 Discuss the capabilities and uses of the following radios: • b. AN/PRC-113

  29. Purpose • Provide secure or plain text, half-duplex reception and transmission of VHF (High Band/ Aircraft Band) or Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Line of Site (LOS) voice radio communication.

  30. Basic Characteristics • VHF Frequency Range: 116-149.975 MHz • UHF Frequency Range: 225-399.975 MHz • Planning Range: LOS Dependant • Channel Spacing: 25 kHz • Power Output: 2/10 Watts • Power Source: 24VDC (nominal) • Cryptographic Compatibility: KY-99A

  31. Basic Characteristics • Primary Battery: BA-5590 (x2) • Mode: AM • Major SL-3 Components - RT-1319B – Transceiver - Battery Box - H-250 – Handset - Antenna(s)

  32. Basic Characteristics • Mode: AM • Major SL-3 Components • RT-1319B - Transceiver • AM-7176 - RF Amplifier • H-250 - Handset • AS-3588 - Antenna

  33. 114.2 Discuss the capabilities and uses of the following radios: • d. AN/MRC-138/142

  34. Purpose • Provide secure or plain text, half-duplex reception and transmission of High Frequency (HF) voice or data, mobile long range radio communication.

  35. Basic Characteristics • Frequency Range: 2-29.9999 MHz (HF) • Channel Spacing: 100 Hz (280,000 Channels) • Power Output: 100/400 Watts (PEP) • Planning Range • Ground Wave: 0-50+ Miles • Power Source: 24VDC (nominal)

  36. Basic Characteristics • Major SL-3 Components • RT-1209 - Transceiver • AM-6545 - RF Amplifier • CU-2064 - Antenna Coupler • AM-6879 - Amplifier Converter • AT-1011 - 32 Ft Whip Antenna • Accessory Case and Components

  37. 114.2 Discuss the capabilities and uses of the following radios: • c. AN/PRC-119

  38. SINCGARS RT-1523

  39. Purpose • Provide secure or plain text, half-duplex, single channel or frequency hopping reception, transmission, and retransmission of Very High Frequency (VHF) voice or data short/medium range radio communication.

  40. Basic Characteristics • Frequency Range: 30-87.975 MHz (VHF Low) • Channel Spacing: 25 KHz (2,320 Channels) • Power Output: 4/50 Watts (Configuration Dependant) • Planning Range: 0 - 25+ Miles (Configuration Dependant) • Power Source: 12VDC (nominal) • Modulation: FM • Modes: Single Channel/Frequency Hopping

  41. Basic Characteristics • COMSEC Modes: Plain/Cipher Text • Transmission: Voice/Data (16 Kbps) • Preset Channels: (6) Auto, (1) Man, (1) Cue • Primary Battery: (1) BA-5590 • Major SL-3 Components • AS-3683 – Antenna (3’ Tape) • AS-4266 – Antenna (10’ Whip) • H-250 - Handset

  42. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION • The RT-1523 is the basic RT component for both the manpack and vehicular version of SINCGARS.

  43. SINCGARS RT-1523 • There are a number of series fielded for the basic RT-1523 (I.E. A/B/C/D and E) which may be used as the RT component of the AN/PRC, AN/VRC and the AN/MRC configurations.

  44. 114.2 Discuss the capabilities and uses of the following radios: • e. AN/MRC-145 Consists of two RT-1523s, one antenna for each, and one Power Amplifier for each RT. Power Amplifiers raise power output to 50 Watts, giving a range of 35 Km for each RT.

  45. TAKE AWAY!!!!!!! • AN/PRC-119, Manpack radio. • AN/VRC-88, Short-range radio with dismount equipment. • AN/VRC-89, Short range and long-range radio. • AN/VRC-90, Long range radio. • AN/VRC-92, Dual long range radio with retrans cable (LAV/Tracks). • AN/MRC-145, Dual long range radio with retrans cable.

  46. VHF Characteristics and Planning Factors • VHF frequency propagation is often described with the following phrases: • “Radio Line of Sight” or “Radio LOS” • VHF waves diffract around the curvature of the Earth much less than HF waves, but they do still diffract a bit: • 4/3 Earth Curvature • VHF waves are slightly susceptible to absorption by foliage, but not as much as UHF, so they exhibit good performance in rural areas

  47. VHF Characteristics andPlanning Factors (cont’d) • Vertical whip antenna is normally used on USMC tactical SCR • Range depends on the following criteria: • Terrain and other obstacles between antennas • Transmitter and receiver antenna height • Transmitter power output • Very vulnerable to accurate Radio Direction Finding (RDF)

  48. Radio LOS vs Optical/Critical LOS

  49. 114.4 Discuss the preparation and operation of a Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio (SINCGAR) field radio set. • To load a frequency into the PRC-119 • Set FCTN switch to LD. • Press FREQ on key pad. • Press CLR on key pad to clear previous frequency. • Type the FREQ as desired. • Press STO to save the desired FREQ.

  50. 114.4 Discuss the preparation and operation of a Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio (SINCGAR) field radio set. • To load Crypto • Set FCTN switch to LD. • Set MODE switch to FH. • Set COMSEC switch to CT. • Connect CYZ-10 cable to the AUD/FILL port. (Where the handset goes.) • On the CYZ-10 press on/off and the first selection will be APPL. • After APPL is selected then select RADIO. • After RADIO is selected, select SEND. • After SEND is selected, select RADIO. • After RADIO is selected, select ICOM. • After ICOM is selected, it says “Connect to RT”- press ENTR • The CYZ reminds you to set the RT to load, press ENTR • It will ask, “Do you want to include Time?” select NO • Press Load on the RT and your Radio will Load Crypto

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