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Hazardous Waste Management

Hazardous Waste Management. Chapter 15. Silent Spring Love Canal Times Beach and Seveso, Italy Bhopal, India. Methyl isocyanate Toxins Dioxin Pesticides. Why is it managed?. Federal HWM Laws (Sections 15.1 and 15.2). RCRA/HSWA. CERCLA/SARA. TSCA/FIFRA.

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Hazardous Waste Management

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  1. Hazardous Waste Management Chapter 15

  2. Silent Spring Love Canal Times Beach and Seveso, Italy Bhopal, India Methyl isocyanate Toxins Dioxin Pesticides Why is it managed?

  3. Federal HWM Laws(Sections 15.1 and 15.2) RCRA/HSWA CERCLA/SARA TSCA/FIFRA

  4. Household and Other Special Haz Wastes

  5. Who’s involved? (Not to scale)

  6. What can we do with this nasty, nasty stuff?(Sections 15.2, 15.4, and 15.5)

  7. In-Class Activity An industrial plant produces approximately 1000 kg/month of waste pentachlorophenol (C6Cl5OH). The plant decides to install an incinerator to dispose of the waste. Assume complete combustion. Note that this reaction requires water. • How much oxygen is theoretically required to combust the material? • How much acid is theoretically produced? • What theoretical quantity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is required to neutralize the acid? • In operation, why would you expect the quantities of air, acid, and caustic to be different from the theoretical amounts?

  8. Which activities are the riskiest?

  9. Risk Assessment Hazard Identification Dose-Response Assessment Exposure Assessment Risk Characterization

  10. Site Remediation(Section 15.2.1) Levels of response • Emergency response • Long-term remediation

  11. Soil water (root zone) Unsaturated or vadose zone Capillary fringe Saturated zone (Groundwater) Confining layer Where is the contamination?

  12. Pollutant Transport

  13. Pollutant Transport

  14. What can we do? Remediation strategies

  15. Containment: Pumping and/or Injection

  16. Containment: Trenching/Slurry Wall Injection

  17. Pump-and-Treat

  18. AS and/or SVE

  19. Excavation and . . .

  20. In-situ Bioremediation Nutrient injection

  21. Phytoremediation

  22. Natural Attenuation

  23. In-Class Activity Explain why the proposed process would be inappropriate for a site with the given contaminant. Offer a plausible alternative. • Volatile soluble organic – excavation & landfilling • Soil in vadose zone contaminated with metals – pump & treat • Soil in unsaturated zone contaminated with radioactive waste – in-situ bioremediation

  24. In-Class Activity Lake Jasmine is a 20-acre lake with an average depth of 30 ft. Yesterday afternoon four 55-gallon drums of Fuel Oil A and six 55-gallon drums of Solvent C fell off a truck during an accident, rolled into Lake Jasmine, and burst open on the rocky shore. The entire contents of all the drums spilled into the lake. Should local public health officials take measures to keep vacationers near Lake Jasmine out of the water? The allowable quantity in recreational waters of Fuel Oil A is 2.2 ppm, and the allowable quantity of Solvent C is 1.3 ppm.

  25. Radioactive Materials and Waste Sections 5.4 and 15.3

  26. Choose the best answer. • Radiation is scary. Radioactivity is even scarier. • Radiation is a method of surveying in which points are located by knowledge of their distances and directions from a central point. Radioactivity is the intensity of a radioactive source. • Radiation is emitted energy without the absorption of any energy. Radioactivity is a characteristic natural, spontaneous process in which unstable atoms emit mass or energy.

  27. Isotopes Element with same atomic number but different mass number, e.g., H-1, H-2, H-3

  28. Historical/Discontinued X-rays: Hair removal, Shoe sizing 226Ra: Hair tonic, Skin cream, Clock dials, Toothpaste, Chocolate bars 210Po: Spark plugs 232Th: Toothpaste, Dentures Uranium: Pigments, Photographic toner, Adhesive tape dispenser Current 235U, 239Pu: Reactor fuel 241Am: Smoke detectors 60Co, x-rays: Food sterilization x-rays, -rays: Medical instrument sterilization 60Co, 131I, etc.: Radiation treatment Neutrons: Bomb detection, Illegal drug shipment detection Uses of Radiation

  29. There are lots of units • Curie (Ci): decay rate • Becquerel (Bq): decay rate, 1 per second • Roentgen (R): rate of ionizations produced • Rad (radiation absorbed dose): energy absorbed from radiation • Rem (roentgen equivalent man): energy absorbed by tissue • Gray (Gy): absorption of 1 J of energy per kg of absorbing material • Sievert (Sv)): dose equivalent to tissue damage from 1 Gy of gamma radiation or X-ray = 100 rem

  30. Annual Radiation Dose

  31. Ionizing Radiation

  32. Effects of Level of Ionizing Radiation

  33. Storage

  34. Yucca Mountain

  35. Vitrification

  36. Radon

  37. Half Life • Time required for half of original material to decay • Characteristic of an isotope A = Aoe-t t1/2 = ln 2 

  38. In-Class Activity • What would be the activity after 5 days of 1.0 Ci of radon-220? • On April 1, 2001 a waste containing Po-210 was found at an abandoned site. Its activity was 3.2 Ci. From site records, you estimated that the waste dated from 1952. What was the original activity?

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