Topics

2. Topics • Focus group results • Human physiology • Opportunities to improve MC safety

3. Focus Group Results CG ideas to address PMV mishaps Stop with the “death by PowerPoint”…it doesn’t work. Focus on real victims telling their stories, videos of accident results, and economic consequences Promote open discussion of close calls so everyone can benefit from the lesson learned…no retribution PPE options may pose risk due to discomfort, heat stress and fatigue Improve access to training/tuition assistance Require periodic training/refresher Educate MV operators on the risks to MC riders

4. Focus Group Results CG ideas to address PMV mishaps (cont.) Create awards and incentives for mishap free units Create defensive driving classes Membership to race tracks Stricter punishment of DUI (permanent loss of license, mandatory driver training) Install breathalyzer and speed governors Better work schedules More telecommuting

5. Focus Group Results CG ideas to address PMV mishaps (cont.) Morale shuttle, taxi reimbursement, free rides Designated rest facilities/hotels (Preplan before event) Take keys prior to drinking Designated driver “People drink and drive because they don’t get caught”

6. Human Physiology Time-of-day Sustained wakefullness Sleep restriction

8. Belenky et.al. (2003). J. of Sleep Res. 12, 1-12

9. Opportunities Better Mishap Data Collection/Analysis Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) MOA with DoD to use common HFACS process Systems-oriented process Standard definition for human causal factors Large comparison population Better root cause analysis

10. ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES Resource/Acquisition Management Organizational Climate Organizational Process SUPERVISION Planned Inappropriate Operations Failed to Correct Known Problem Inadequate Supervision Supervisory Violations PRECONDITIONS Environmental Factors Personnel Factors Coordination/ Communication/ Planning Factors Self-Imposed Stress Physical Environment Technological Environment Condition of Individuals Psycho-Behavioral Factors Adverse Physiological States Physical/ Mental Limitations Perceptual Factors Cognitive Factors ACTS Errors Errors Violations Judgment and Decision-Making Errors Skill-Based Errors Perception Errors

11. Opportunities Acts – Behavior/attitude changes Training/Education Does current training meet needs Open exchange of lessons learned Peer/mentoring riding programs Simulators Access to speed tracks/MC morale events Behavior based checkpoints (PPE use, speeding, aggressive riding, etc.) non-punitive Aggressive consequences for violations (training, probation, loss of license)

12. Opportunities Pre-conditions Environment Technology Improve visibility of MC (flashing headlight, noise, etc.) Physical Road conditions and characteristics (distractions, debris, embankments, etc.) Condition of individual Fatigue, physical fitness, nutrition, personality traits

13. Opportunities Supervision Set expectations and monitor compliance with training and PPE requirements. Create a “NO MC FATALITY” culture and establish milestones and rewards that are valued by crew members. Organize MC events that allow members to demonstrate proficiencies and push thresholds in a safe setting (e.g., speed track). Restrictions should emphasize accountability/consequences and not punishment Evaluate work schedule requirements and consequence of fatigue.

14. Opportunities Organizational Provide resources for training and skill building Create a “NO MC FATALITY” culture and establish recognition/rewards for meeting milestones that are valued by crew members. Create a venue/forum for discussing MC safety restriction with the intent of reaching a unified position and consensus on the types and conditions of restrictions. Doctrine that formally states the restrictions and consequences of violations.

15. Conclusion “Human beings by their very nature make mistakes; therefore, it is unreasonable to expect error-free human performance.” Shappell & Wiegmann, 1997