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Lecture 27

Lecture 27. Updates. Theme VII. Current theme. Theme VI. Theme V. Theme III. Theme IV. A Hot Early Universe. 1 S. T . Hot Young Universe. Temperature T. as S  0 so T  ∞. 0.5. 0. 1.0. Big Bang. Scale factor S. Now. Expansion. Cooling and Thinning.

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Lecture 27

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  1. Lecture 27 Updates

  2. Theme VII Current theme Theme VI Theme V Theme III Theme IV

  3. A Hot Early Universe. 1 S T  Hot Young Universe Temperature T as S  0 so T  ∞ 0.5 0 1.0 Big Bang Scale factor S Now

  4. Expansion Cooling and Thinning Scale Factor (S) 10-16 10-13 10-10 108 K 1024 107 1018 104 1012 Temperature (billions of K) Density (tons/cm3) 106 10 1 10-6 1 103 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 1 billion K 1 sec 1 ks 1 ms 1 s 1 ps 1 ns Time (seconds)

  5. Particles Move Faster at Higher Temperature Higher Temperature Faster Motion Lower Temperature Slower Motion

  6. Particle Accelerators LHC at CERN RHIC at Brookhaven Tevatron at Fermilab

  7. Beam Pipes CERN: LHC Brookhaven: RHIC

  8. Detectors CMS at CERN ?? CMS at CERN CDF at Fermilab

  9. Scale Factor (S) 10-16 10-13 10-10 2008 LHC/CERN 1990s 106 107 1 TeV 1980s 1960s Temperature (billions of K) 104 103 1 GeV Energy (MeV) 1950s 1 MeV 10 1 1 103 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 1 sec 1 ks 1 ms 1 s 1 ps 1 ns Time (seconds)

  10. Below the Threshold Temperature photon proton electron Gas at 1 billion K Particle KE Photons Energy exchange

  11. Electrons and Anti-electrons creation Creation Annihilation Annihilation Above the Threshold Temperature Electron Anti-electron Photon equilibrium Gas at 10 billion K Particle KE Photons Energy exchange

  12. Temperature (billions of K) 1 106 103 50 Quarks added 40 30 1 MeV 1 TeV 1 GeV Number of kinds of particles 20 Leptons added 10 0 1 103 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 1 sec 1 ks 1 ms 1 s 1 ps 1 ns Time (seconds)

  13. H Higgs The Standard Model Particles Matter Particles (Fermions) Force carriers (Bosons) Quarks Leptons  EM e e d u Family 1 Z W Weak   s c Family 2 gs Strong  8   b t Family 3 gv Gravity

  14. Animation of vacuum with pcle/anti-pcle pairs. 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 Time sequence for animation of single particle/antiparticle pair forming out of, and disappearing back into, the vacuum (notice steps 1 & 14 are nothing). 14 13 12 11 10 9

  15. A real particles enters and hits a virtual particle pair Have a few of these forming and dissolving pairs visible. Have a red particle enter and strike a fully formed pair.

  16. Virtual pair becomes a real pair. After the collision, make all three particles leve the scene as free agents. Meanwhile the other pcle/antipcle pairs continue to form and dissolve.

  17. One eye-blink Scale Factor (S) 10-16 10-13 10-10 1024 107 1018 104 1012 Temperature (billions of K) Density (tons/cm3) 106 10 1 10-6 1 103 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 1 sec 1 ks 1 ms 1 s 1 ps 1 ns Time (seconds)

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