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Superconductivity UK

Superconductivity UK. Commercial markets for superconducting motors. Dr. Philip Sargent, Diboride Conductors Ltd. Conectus Roadmap – 4K. pre-commercial: R&D, prototypes, field-tests emerging market mature market. Conectus Roadmap 4K – 77K.

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Superconductivity UK

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  1. Superconductivity UK Commercial markets forsuperconducting motors Dr. Philip Sargent, Diboride Conductors Ltd.

  2. Conectus Roadmap – 4K pre-commercial: R&D, prototypes, field-testsemerging marketmature market

  3. Conectus Roadmap 4K – 77K pre-commercial: R&D, prototypes, field-testsemerging marketmature market

  4. “Immature” solution No “killer application” 34% Early majority 34% Late majority 13.5% 2.5% Innovators 16% Laggards Early adopters Time of adoption of innovations Adoption of Innovations C h a s m

  5. R&D Motors? Demonstration Pre-commercial Supportedcommercial Commercial Large-scale Innovation Technologypush Marketpull UK Innovation Systems for New and Renewable Energy Technologies, June 2003. ICCEPT

  6. Conectus: 2001

  7. SuperconductivityPower Markets (ISIS) 2003 DC Power $20b

  8. ISIS 2002 $38b by 2020

  9. MRI – but why not motors? • NMR: MRI (software) • Magnets, 4.2K He • 1.5T typical (3T Siemens pictured) $4 billion/y

  10. Benefits of SC motors • High power density • High partial load efficiency • Low noise (air core) • Superior negative sequence capability • Excellent transient stability • Low synchronous reactance - small load angle • Low harmonic content • Cyclic load insensitivity • Low maintenance

  11. 150kW Reliance Motor Racetrack coils forming the rotor.

  12. 746kW Motor: July 2000 • B2223 Wire • 1,800 rpm • 97.1% Efficiency • 1,600 hp peak load Key Product Development Benchmark… AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of High Efficiency Design

  13. 3.7 MW Motor: July 2001 • B2223 Wire • 1,800 rpm • 97.2% Efficiency at full load 5,000hp • 7,000 hp peak load Designed by AMSC to Reduce Manufacturing Costs

  14. Liq.Neon motors • AMSC motor • Siemens motor

  15. Timeline

  16. Copper: 6 – 22 $/kA.m (400 to 100 A/cm2) B2223: 100 $/kA.m (at 27K) Targets Dick Blaugher, NREL

  17. Higher magnetic fieldcapability Higher running costs, lower wire costs Higher running costs = Higher cryogenic capital costs MotorOperating Range Lower running costs, uses more wire AC Power Superconductors

  18. Operating Range Cryogen Gap Temperatures Liquid Phase at 1 atmosphere CO N O Ne H He 0 20 40 60 80 T (K)

  19. Ideal Energy Consumption Carnot 70.4x Sterling 4K 27K 80.00 60.00 10.1x EC 40.00 2.9x 20.00 0.00 0 20 40 60 80 14x 9x 77K Temp (K) Cryogenic Cooling Costs 30

  20. Capital costs 1 MW machine • Cryogenic systems are ~4-6 $/W (electric) • Cold-side losses are 50W+0.03 W/kW, so for a 1MW motor are 80W at 27K, requires a 6kW (e) cryocooler if 8% Carnot eff. • Thus cryogenics costs ~$40k since it must be priced to the peak load • Energy saved > $7k a year • So a 6-year payback period. (NPV is worse)

  21. Cryogenic arguments • New work in neon cryogen systems seems sensible • Conduction-cooled machine designs need exploring 20-24K and 27K-35K • Thermal reservoirs need investigating • Reducing the capital cost of cryogenics is more important than their efficiency for motor markets • Industrial markets for motors depend on cryogenics costs more than on superconductor costs or properties – even at 77K.

  22. Magnesium Diboride Mulholland ORNL Model Assumed by analogy with other fibres B2223/YBCO Wire cost ($/kA.m)

  23. Mulholland ORNL Model June 2003 Assumed market growth rates Motors >370kW

  24. Mulholland ORNL Model

  25. Mulholland ORNL Model

  26. Motor Markets • Energy efficiency argument is true, but cost savings undermined by cryogenics capital cost. • Market will depend on size and weight benefits. • Manufacturing benefits of reduced size: • production line instead of build in-situ • but early adopters will be build to order companies • Transport applications, • self-weight issues, • volume (drag) issues.

  27. Shipping • $2 billion market in 20MW ships motors by 2010 • Reliability of cryogenics also an issue • Superconducting generators too in due course

  28. Superconducting Mag-Lev Trains ? • Best for 330 – 500 km/h, 300-500km, acceleration • Linear electric drive..

  29. …or TGV and Eurostar ? • Mag-lev in Shanghai uses conventional Cu/Fe • Maybe the next time the Eurostar is re-engined, it will be with superconducting motors.

  30. Thankyou

  31. Mag-Lev Train in Service 2003 • Shanghai airport • 430 km/h • 30 km • Copper coils not s/c

  32. Minesweepers • Ray guns or trains ? • Military uses • Launchers • Minesweepers

  33. HPM & Crowd Controlml • Directed Energy High Power Microwave, “progressive penalty munitions” • Eureka Aerospace proposes a novel approach for denying ground vehicles the entrance to selected area by stopping them using a microwave system for stopping vehicles (MSSV). • The proposed system consists of high power source, such as magnetron and suitable antenna to direct the microwave energy towards the vehicle and bring the vehicle to rest, without causing permanent damage to the vehicle or pose any danger to humans. The MSSV can be deployed in a variety of places including (1) an airborne platform such as helicopter… • In March 2001, at its base in Quantico, Virginia, the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD) unveiled its latest non-lethal weapon. The Vehicle Mounted Active Denial System (VMADS) which works through a special transmitter that fires two second bursts of focused microwave energy that causes a burning sensation on the skin of people up to 700 yards away. The beam penetrates less than a millimetre under the skin, heating the skin's surface but causing no burn marks. • High power, low volume, low weight generators; low loss electrical conductors, high Q cavities

  34. 5 5 5 25 34 8 50 80 48 Transformers: a big prizeCost of Ownership in $/kW 2000 ABB SPI Phase I Analysis Paul Grant EPRI

  35. Magnets: Quench • “Rutherford” cable • >2000 Nb-Ti filaments • in Copper

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