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Emulsions and scanning technologies

Emulsions and scanning technologies. Masahiro Komatsu - Nagoya University JAPAN First SHIP workshop, 10-12 June 2014 , Zürich. Nuclear emulsion E mulsion scanning system Performance of Emulsion chamber Emulsion gel and production Conclusion. Outline. DONUT in construction.

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Emulsions and scanning technologies

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  1. Emulsions and scanning technologies Masahiro Komatsu - Nagoya University JAPAN First SHIP workshop, 10-12 June 2014, Zürich First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  2. Nuclear emulsion • Emulsion scanning system • Performance of Emulsion chamber • Emulsion gel and production • Conclusion Outline DONUT in construction First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  3. Tau neutrino source • B(Ds ) is first measured by emulsion experiment CERN WA75. (Prog. Theo. Phys. 89:131-138,1993) • Tau neutrino detection • First observation of tau neutrino interactions by Fermilab E872 DONUT. (Phys. Lett. B504:218-224,2001) • First tau neutrino appearance in oscillation by OPERA. (Phys. Lett. B691:138-145, 2010) Tau neutrino and emulsion First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  4. Nuclear Emulsion First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  5. AgBrcrystal : size 0.2 – 0.3 micro meter in diameter. Charged particle produce latent image, developing process make Ag grain visible. Nuclear emulsion MIP ~35 grains / 100 micro meter First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  6. Nuclear Emulsion (44m) 100mm Plastic base (205m) Cross section Nuclear Emulsion (44m) 125mm Emulsion film (OPERA film) First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  7. 3 dimensional coordinate X,Y,Z • Micrometer accuracy • Intrinsic accuracy is sub micrometer • Depending on readout system • Multiple and different readout can be done. • Track slope X,Y • mrad accuracy depending on base thickness • We can choose on purpose • CHORUS interface film used 800 mm thick base 5D (X,Y,Z,X,Y )Tracking detector First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  8. 1985 1994 1996 1998 2006 History of scanning system First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  9. Automated Emulsion Read-out system (Track Selector) • Conceptual design by K. Niwa in mid. 70s. • First system construction in 1983. • First application to real experiment in 1994. CHORUS (CERN WA95) • Advanced version was developed by T.Nakano and applied to DONUT, OPERA and will be applied to future experiments. First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  10. Penetrating Track Tomographic 16 Images TV-camera Give counter shift Sum and Discriminate Track Recognition by TS First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  11. 20 years ago, for CHORUS. We made big decision to change future emulsion scanning. Track Selector (TS) 1994 First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  12. ※1 Area of each layer ※2Area of the films ※2 ~2000m2/year ※1 9000 Speed in cm2/ hour 10000 ~20m2/year 1000 72 100 ×100 10 1 1 0.082 0.1 Evolution of the Scanning Speed 0.003 0.01 0.001 HTS (GPGPU) 2011- Developing TS(TTL) 1983 NTS(CPLD) 1994 UTS(FPGA) 1998 S-UTS (FPGA) 2006- Running First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  13. HTS Computers with GPUboard Optics Sensor & Camera Z Y X High-speed precision stage First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  14. Objective lens Resolution :~420nm N.A. :0.65 Light source : G-line (436nm) Magnitude : ×12.2 F.O.V : 5.1 (H)×5.1 (V)mm #of image plane 6 (by Beam splitter) Weight : 90kg Total length : 844mm First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  15. Speed and Coverage of Mosaic Imager Specially ordered Mosaic Imager Divide FOV into 72 parts. Need the sensor of 2M pixel and 340fps. F.O.V. of HTS ×6 5mm S-UTS 5mm First SHIP workshop @ Zurich ~0.2mm

  16. Mosaic camera system 5 4 Beam splitter Camera1 6 3 1 1 Camera2 2 Objective lens Camera6 5mm First SHIP workshop @ Zurich Illumination 5mm

  17. European Scanning SystemESS First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  18. camera Z stage Stop’n’Gomotion: keep X-Y axes holding steadywhile Z performs data-takingstroke 15 images takenwhileobjectivemovesdownwards: opticaltomography Current «legacy» system: ESS objective XY stage m.i.p.tracks tanq<1 (limitedby processingpower) Z highlyionizingparticletracks, 4pcoverage (used in CHORUS, notused in OPERA) First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  19. Evolution of the system Continuousmotion: X (Y) axismovingwhile Z performssaw-toothmotion 30 mm overlapbetweenviews 2131 images / stroke Angularacceptance on movingaxisvirtuallyunlimited, bound by overlapon steady axis Trackingalgorithmhas no intrinsiclimitation (4pversionalsoexists for horizontaltracks) ±72 degrees! First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  20. Passing to new 4Mpix camera and 20x objective will allow to triple the field of view area keeping the pixel size at the same value which will allow to use already existing image processing modules. The speed of Camera Link interface is a limiting factor here New (from 2013 on the market) 4 and 12 Mpix cameras and frame-grabbers with CoaXPress interface permits factor of 3 band increasing. The scanning speed in this configuration reach 300 cm2/h New Objective, Cameras and Framegrabbers x5 First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  21. It is possible to split optically the data coming from microscope and send it to 2 or 4 cameras, each with independent processing chain. This gives the liner gain in the scanning speed proportional to the number of heads. Image processing chain to be multiplied: Camera Framegrabber GPU + CPU Multi-camera approachx2 or x4 First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  22. How fast ESS can become? New ideas to test HW is available Now installed 10 years ago Ok (2012) HW is tested 2011-2013 R&D 1-2 years R&D required • 1200 cm2/h means 1 m2 in 8.5 hours • Japanese HTS will be 9000 cm2/h (= 7.5 ESS@1200) (see later) First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  23. Bulk emulsion Fermilab E531, CHORUS Emulsion as an imaging device ECC (Emulsion Cloud Chamber) DONUT, OPERA Emulsion as a tracking device Scanning speed evolution and its consequence First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  24. ECC (Emulsion Cloud Chamber) ECC : Utilized in cosmic-ray exposure  Discovery of Charm in 1971 (K.Niu) Prog. Theor. Phys. 46 (1971) 1644-1646 First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  25. Data taking and offline reconstruction Interaction Point t Decay Point of t neutrino Reject Low momentum tracks (114 tracks remained） Vertex detection : Neutrino interaction and decay of short lived particles Reject passing through tracks (420 tracks remained） All tracks in the Scanning region（4179 tracks） Detection of ντCCin DONUT First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  26. Alignment position RMS distributions <0.29> <0.32> <0.46> Tracking efficiency distributions <0.966> <0.964> <0.983> <0.76> <1.11> <0.96> <0.932> <0.910> <0.956> <1.50> <1.80> <1.75> <0.814> <0.904> <0.785> First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  27. Momentum measurementin DONUT ECC Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A574 (2007) 192-198 Consistent result with momentum measured by spectrometer. Momentum measurement by multiple scattering. First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  28. OPERA ECC(Emulsion Cloud Chamber) brick neutrino 10.2 cm (CS) 7.5 cm 10 X0 12.5 cm sensitivity30 grains/100 μm 0.3mm 1mm NIM A556 (2006) 80-86 mip The OPERA target consists of 150’000 ECC bricks. Total 105’000 m2 of lead surface and 111’000 m2 of film surface (~ 9 million films) Total target mass~ 1.2 kton electron ～100 keV Lead plate 20 μm high dE/dx tracks from nuclear evaporation First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 57 OPERA films, 56 lead plates

  29. Single ECC = VTX + SPEC + EMcal First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  30. Track measurement accuracy • better than 1 micrometer and 1-2 mrad. • Momentum measurement by Multiple Coulomb Scattering • Both angular and coordinate methods 20~30% accuracy • Topological analysis to detect short lived particle within a mm • Emulsion can detect decay parent. Very strong for 1-prong decay. • Particle ID • Electron and gamma identification by EM shower • Electron – gamma separation • Extreme two particle separation to identify e-pair • Hadron ID by its re-interaction • dE/dX is also applicable for low momentum proton. Topological and Kinematical analysis in ECC First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  31. Useful references • Momentum measurement by the Multiple Coulomb Scattering method in the OPERA lead emulsion target New J.Phys. 14 (2012) • Momentum measurement of secondary particle by multiple Coulomb scattering with emulsion cloud chamber in DONuT experiment NIM A574 (2007) • Electron/pion separation with an emulsion cloud chamber by using a neural network JINST 2 (2007) • Charge identification of highly ionizing particles in desensitized nuclear emulsion using high speed read-out system NIMA556 (2006) • pi / p separation at 1.2-GeV/c by an emulsion cloud chamber NIMA516 (2004) First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  32. Sulfur : 200 GeV/nucleon Emulsion gel and film First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  33. Emulsion film (OPERA film) Films prepared by “Fuji film” for OPERA 9,000,000 films : 4500 boxes : 112,500 m2 FUJI accept order more than 3,000 m2. 100mm 125mm A box contain 2030 films First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  34. 5,000 m2 is only 5% of OPERA • From year 2015, OPERA will be in dismantling stage • OPERA film has “refresh” capability • All OPERA film has been refreshed to erase uncorrelated cosmic tracks accumulated while in production. • We need to investigate refresh capability for 10 year old films. Re-use of OPERA films? 30 degree 98% R.H. 3 days First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  35. Started Nuclear Emulsion R&D in Nagoya (2010~)‏ With the help of retired engineers of FUJI film. ( KUWABARA, TSUYUKI)‏ Modern Emulsion Gel production machine was introduced. R&D of OPERA Type Gel by NAGANAWA →Normal use. (Neutrino exp., Radiography)‏ R&D of Fine Grain Type Gel by NAKA, ASADA → Dark Matter detection Emulsion Gel R&D and Production First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  36. Nuclear Emulsion Gel Production System ~1kg/lot Nagoya University Capable to produce 100-300m2/year First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  37. Nuclear Emulsion produced in Nagoya NAGANAWA KUWABARA 2010 Sept.: Reached to the quality better than OPERA film High Energy Electron Type Sensitivity [grains/100 m] BG [fog grains/ (10mm)3] OPE206(Nagoya ) 41.5±3.1 1.3±0.3 OPERA (Fujifilm) 35 ~ 3 First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  38. More than 20 years of experience • CHORUS : Large scale neutrino event analysis (150k events) • DONUT : Tau neutrino detection in ECC • OPERA : Largest emulsion experiment ever built. • Large enough scanning power • Japanese HTS provide 2,000m2/year • 10 ESS is more than one HTS • Emulsion film production • FUJI film accept order for more than 3,000m2. • We need to investigate re-use of OPERA film. • We are capable to produce better film than OPERA . • Current production capability is 100-300m2/year. Conclusion First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  39. Thank you First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  40. First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  41. Tau event in DONUT ECC First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  42. History of scanning system Fermilab E531,E653, CERN WA75 analysis has been done with these systems. Up to 1994, we used these systems for emulsion analysis. semi-automatic scanning in late 1980’s. First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

  43. SySal = System of Salerno • Multi-tracking: recognizetracks in a wide, tunableangularrange, allowingalso on-line detection of interactions • Strongly software-orientedsystems, possiblyrunning the same code on differentHW configurations – cheap systemsenhancesharing expertise and know-how • Modular structureallowsplugging in specificalgorithms for specific data-takingconditions (fog, single/double-coatedfilms, distortion, etc.) • Data processing and eventreconstruction software shares algorithms and classeswith the DAQ systemBUT • Storage formats independent of algorithms (allowindependent off-line SW) Basic concepts of SySal for emulsionreadout First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

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