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Amino Acids: General Rule and Protein Structure & Function

Learn the memorization techniques for amino acids with maximum of 4 carbon atoms and explore the four levels of protein structure. Understand the types and functions of proteins through examples such as enzymes, hormones, and structural proteins.

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Amino Acids: General Rule and Protein Structure & Function

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  1. Help Memorizing Amino Acids General rule, side chains have a maximum of four C atoms, with other structures attached onto up to 4 carbon atoms.

  2. H H H H H H O O O H H H N N N C C C C C C OH H H H H O O H H O CH2OH H H N N C C C C N OH C C OH CH3 CH3 CH2OH Protein Structure & Function + – H2O a tripeptide

  3. H H O H N C C H H O H H O R1 N C C N C C OH R2 R3 Protein Structure & Function polypeptide protein Linear sequence  3D shape  Function

  4. Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary (1°) structure: Linear sequence of amino acids Secondary (2°) structure: Spatial arrangement of AAs nearby in the sequence Tertiary (3°) structure: Spatial arrangement of AAs far apart in the sequence Quaternary (4°) structure: Spatial arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (referred to as “subunits”)

  5. Type Function Example Enzymes Catalysts Amylase – CH digestion Hormones Regulation Insulin – glucose  E Storage Bioreserve Myoglobin – O2 in muscles Transport Transport substances Serum albumin – Carries fatty acids Structural Provide shape Collagen – tendons, cartilage Protective Body’s defense Immunoglobulin – destroys Invaders, e.g. bacteria Contractile Work/motion Myosin/actin – muscle movement

  6. H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH H CH3 H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CHCH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 Amino Acids – The 20Gly. and Ala. On your own, just memorize Glycine, G Alanine, A Nonpolar Valine, V Makes a letter V Turned sideways Leucine, L Make a reflected letter L

  7. H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CH2CHCH3 CH2CH2SCH3 CH3 H H O H N C C OH H2C CH2 CH2 Nonpolar Isoleucine, I Is the isomer of Leucine, different attachment Methionine, M Thio is sulfur so methyl thionine CH3 Eliminate this CH3 - Proline, P Looks like letter P on its side, Use your imagination

  8. H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CH2 CH2 N H Nonpolar Phenylalanine, F phenyl- Is used when benzene is attached to Ala. Tryptophan, W Can make a W outline out of cyclical rings (already used “P” for Proline) (Three “T”s)

  9. H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CH2OH CH2SH H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CH2 CHCH3 OH OH Polar S sounds serine an s-ysteine Serine, S An alcohol Cysteine, C A thio- or sulfur alcohol Tire , Its round? Tyrosine, Y The road! OH!! Threonine, T Letter T on side (The third “T”)

  10. H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CH2CNH2 CH2CH2CNH2 O O H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CH2COH CH2CH2COH O O Polar Asparagine, N 2 C’s A before G In alphabet Glutamine, Q 3 C’s G after A In alphabet so more C’s Acidic all have 3 C ‘s note parallel # C’s from above “Aspartate” D “Glutamate”, E

  11. H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 CH2CH2CH2NHCNH2 NH2 H H O H N C C OH CH2 H N N Basichave 4 C’s or a cyclic str., all have N atom + Lysine, K Arginine, R Histidine, H

  12. H CH3 CH2CHCH3 CH2CH2SCH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 N CHCH3 CHCH2CH3 H H2C CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 Just the “R-Groups” Nonpolar I L G A V F W P M Primarily Alkanes and Aromatics

  13. CH2OH CH2CNH2 CH2SH CH2CH2CNH2 O O CH2 CHCH3 OH OH Polar S C T Y Alcohols and Amides Q N

  14. CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 CH2CH2CH2NHCNH2 NH2 CH2 H CH2COH CH2CH2COH N O O N Acidic D E Carboxylic Acids Basic K R H + Amines

  15. H H CH3 CH3 CH2CHCH3 CH3 CHCH3 CHCH2CH3 CH3 CH3 “Stick Figures”

  16. CH2CH2SCH3 CH2 CH2 S N H H2C CH2 N CH2 H

  17. CH2OH CH2SH OH SH OH CH2 CH2CHCH3 OH OH OH

  18. NH2 NH2 CH2CNH2 CH2CH2CNH2 O O O O CH2COH CH2CH2COH OH OH O O O O

  19. NH CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 CH2CH2CH2NHCNH2 NH2 NH2 H N NH2 CH2 N H H N N N +

  20. 1-L abbrev. 3-L abbrev. 1-L abbrev. 3-L abbrev. AA Name AA Name G Glycine Gly S Serine Ser A Alanine Ala C Cysteine Cys V Valine Val T Threonine Thr I Isoleucine Ile Y Tyrosine Tyr L Leucine Leu N Asparagine Asn P Proline Pro Q Glutamine Gln M Methionine Met D Aspartate Asp F Phenylalanine Phe E Glutamate Glu W Tryptophan Trp K Lysine Lys R Arginine Arg H Histidine His

  21. nonpolar polar You’ll find it South of the CiTY in the North Quadrant GAVIL-PM (fake cold medicine) is For Winners! base acid Need help? Just ask Chief DElaware or KRazy Horse

  22. H CH3 NH2 S NH2 O O N OH OH H OH SH O O OH NH NH2 OH H N NH2 N H N G A V I L C T Y S P F W N Q M "Charm" bracelet K D H R E

  23. H H H H H H H H O O O O H H H H N N N N C C C C C C C C OH OH OH OH OH O OH H N N Practice Naming Leucine, L Glutamate, E Histidine, H Tyrosine, Y

  24. H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH NH2 S O N H H H O H H O H N C C OH H N C C OH NH N NH2 H Practice Naming Arginine, R Methionine, M ICA Asparagine, N Tryptophan, W

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