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Chapter 10: The Sensory System

Chapter 10: The Sensory System. Overview. Key Terms. Learning Outcomes Describe the function of the sensory system. Differentiate between the different types of sensory receptors and give examples of each. Describe sensory adaptation and explain its value. The Senses. The Senses.

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Chapter 10: The Sensory System

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  1. Chapter 10:The Sensory System

  2. Overview

  3. Key Terms

  4. LearningOutcomes Describe the function of the sensory system. Differentiate between the different types of sensory receptors and give examples of each. Describe sensory adaptation and explain its value. The Senses

  5. The Senses • Sensory system detects environmental change • Environmental change initiates nerve impulse (stimulus) • Stimulus interpreted by cerebral cortex • Sensation experienced

  6. The Senses Sensory Receptors • Receptor classification based on structure • Free dendrite • End-organ • Specialized cell • Receptor classification based on stimulus • Chemoreceptor • Photoreceptor • Thermoreceptor • Mechanoreceptor

  7. The Senses Special and General Senses

  8. The Senses Sensory Adaptation • Receptors often become less sensitive to a continuous unimportant stimulus.

  9. ✓ The Senses Checkpoints 10-1 What is a sensory receptor? 10-2 What are some categories of sensory receptors based on type of stimulus? 10-3 How do the special and general senses differ in location? 10-4 What happens when a sensory receptor adapts to a stimulus?

  10. ? The Senses Pop Quiz 10.1 Which of the following is a special sense? A) Pressure B) Taste C) Touch • Proprioception

  11. ? The Senses Pop Quiz Answer 10.1 Which of the following is a special sense? A) Pressure B) Taste C) Touch • Proprioception

  12. LearningOutcomes List and describe the structures that protect the eye. Identify the three tunics of the eye. Define refraction and list the refractive parts of the eye. Differentiate between the rods and the cones of the eye. Compare the functions of the extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles. Describe the nerve supply to the eye The Eye and Vision

  13. The Eye and Vision Protective Structures of the Eye • Bony orbit • Eyelids • Eyelashes • Eyebrows • Conjunctiva • Lacrimal glands

  14. Figure 10-1 The eye’s protective structures.

  15. Figure 10-2 The lacrimal apparatus.

  16. The Eye and vision Structure of the Eyeball • Eyeball has three separate coats (tunics)

  17. Figure 10-3 The eye. What anterior structure is continuous with the sclera?

  18. The Eye and Vision Pathway of Light Rays and Refraction • Transparent parts of the eye that refract light • Cornea • Aqueous humor • Crystalline lens • Vitreous body

  19. The Eye and Vision Function of the Retina • Rod cells • Function in dim light • Shades of gray • Blurred images • Cone cells • Function in bright light • Color sensitive • Sharp images

  20. Figure 10-4 Structure of the retina.

  21. Figure 10-5 The fundus (back) of the eye as seen through an ophthalmoscope.

  22. ✓ The Eye and Vision Checkpoints 10-5 What are some structures that protect the eye? 10-6 What are the components of the three tunics of the eyeball? 10-7 What are the structures that refract light as it passes through the eye? 10-8 What are the receptor cells of the retina?

  23. ? The Eye and Vision Pop Quiz 10.2 The middle, pigmented layer of the eye is the A) Sclera B) Conjunctiva C) Retina • Choroid

  24. ? The Eye and Vision Pop Quiz Answer 10.2 The middle, pigmented layer of the eye is the A) Sclera B) Conjunctiva C) Retina • Choroid

  25. The Eye and Vision Muscles of the Eye • Adjust eye so retina receives clear image • Extrinsic muscles • Outer surface of eyeball • Voluntary • Control convergence for three-dimensional vision • Intrinsic muscle • Within eyeball • Iris regulates amount of light entering eye • Ciliary muscle shapes lens for near and far vision

  26. Figure 10-6 Extrinsic muscles of the eye. What characteristics are used in naming the extrinsic eye muscles?

  27. Figure 10-7 Function of the iris. What muscles of the iris contract to make the pupil smaller? Larger?

  28. Figure 10-8 The ciliary muscle and lens (posterior view). What structures hold the lens in place?

  29. Figure 10-9 Accommodation for near vision.

  30. The Eye and Vision Nerve Supply to the Eye • Sensory • Optic nerve (CN II) • Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V) • Motor • Oculomotor nerve (CN III) • Trochlear (CN IV) • Abducens (CN VI)

  31. Figure 10-10 Nerves of the eye. Which of the nerves shown controls eye movement?

  32. ✓ The Eye and Vision Checkpoints 10-9 What is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles? 10-10 What is the function of the iris? 10-11 What is the function of the ciliary muscle? 10-12 What is cranial nerve II and what does it do?

  33. ? The Eye and Vision Pop Quiz 10.3 Which of the following is an intrinsic eye muscle? A) Iris B) Lateral rectus C) Superior rectus • Suspensory ligament

  34. ? The Eye and Vision Pop Quiz Answer 10.3 Which of the following is an intrinsic eye muscle? A) Iris B) Lateral rectus C) Superior rectus • Suspensory ligament

  35. LearningOutcomes Describe the three divisions of the ear. Describe the receptor for hearing and explain how it functions. Compare the location and function of the equilibrium receptors. The Ear

  36. The Ear • Sense organ for hearing and equilibrium • Components • Outer ear • Middle ear • Inner ear

  37. The Ear The Outer Ear • Structure • Pinna • External auditory canal • Ceruminous glands • Tympanic membrane • Function • Collect sound waves and transmit sounds to middle ear

  38. Figure 10-11 The ear. What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

  39. The Ear Middle Ear • Structure • Ear ossicles • Malleus • Incus • Stapes • Auditory tube • Function • Amplifies sound waves and transmit sounds to inner ear

  40. Figure 10-11 The ear. What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

  41. The Ear Inner Ear • Structure • Bony labyrinth; contains perilymph • Divisions • Vestibule • Semicircular canals • Cochlea • Membranous labyrinth; contains endolymph • Function • Transduce sound waves into nerve impulses

  42. Figure 10-12 The ear. What nerve is formed by the merger of the nerves from the inner ear?

  43. Figure 10-13 Cochlea and the spiral organ. Which part of the cochlea contains the spiral organ?

  44. The Ear The Steps in Hearing • Sound waves enter external auditory canal • Tympanic membrane vibrates • Ossicles transmit vibrations across middle ear • Stapes transmits vibrations at oval window to inner ear fluid

  45. The Ear The Steps in Hearing (continued) • Vibrations travel through perilymph of bony labyrinth • Spiral organ’s hair cells vibrate against tectorial membrane, generating nerve impulses • Impulses travel via cochlear nerve to temporal lobe cortex, where they are interpreted • Sound waves leave inner ear through the round window

  46. The Steps in Hearing

  47. The Ear Equilibrium • Ciliated equilibrium sensory receptors are located in vestibule and semicircular canals. • Types of Receptors • Maculae • Cristae • Nerve supply via vestibular nerve

  48. Figure 10-14 Action of the vestibular equilibrium receptors (maculae). What happens to the cilia of the macular cells when the fluid around them moves?

  49. Figure 10-15Action of the equilibrium receptors (cristae) in the semicircular canals.

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