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Class 3 Between Group Designs, Expo Facto Designs, Status Variable

Class 3 Between Group Designs, Expo Facto Designs, Status Variable. Chapters HWK 7 (146-183),10 (224-233, 243-4) 12(308) ANOVA PDF. Between Group Design. Between Group Design. Within Group Design. Advantages of Pre-Test. Select participants; describe groups

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Class 3 Between Group Designs, Expo Facto Designs, Status Variable

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  1. Class 3Between Group Designs, Expo Facto Designs, Status Variable Chapters HWK 7 (146-183),10 (224-233, 243-4) 12(308) ANOVA PDF

  2. Between Group Design

  3. Between Group Design

  4. Within Group Design

  5. Advantages of Pre-Test • Select participants; describe groups • Use as a covariate to control for differences in the groups before treatment • Compare participants who terminate early from those who do not • Use as post-test for early terminators: “intent to treat’ group

  6. Treatment Study • Research Design • Independent Variables • Dependent Variables • Participants

  7. Treatment Study • Research Design • Experimental, between groups, pre-posttest, factorial design • Independent Variables • Treatments • Dependent Variables • Scores Parenting Skills • Participants • Moms

  8. Treatment Study

  9. Factorial Design • Examine the independent and interactiveeffect(association) of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable (or more than one DV). • IV -- Independent vs. Status Variables • ANOVA ---- MANOVA ---- MANCOVA

  10. Survey or Expo- Facto • What is the incidence of PTSD among veterans from the IRAQ war: total, by gender and by ethnic group. • Is there an association between gender and ethnicity (B H W) and PTSD in veterans from the IRAQ war. • Should we expect gender and ethnic differences; why?

  11. Treatment Study #5

  12. Research Questions • Main Effect 1 • Main Effect 2 • Moderation

  13. Research Questions Study Question #5 • Main Effect Treatment: Does the culturally infused treatment yield a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than the treatment as usual? • Main Effect Therapist: Do Hispanic therapists yield a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than Anglo therapists?

  14. Research Questions Study Question #5 • Interaction Effect: Which combination of Treatment Type/Therapist Ethnicity yield higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings

  15. 2X2 ANOVA with ModerationDV- Post-Test Parenting Scale

  16. Table 1 Main Effects Means Post-Test Parenting Scale

  17. Research Questions Study Question #5 Results Main Effect Treatment • Main Effect Treatment: Does the culturally infused treatment yield a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than the treatment as usual? Moms in the culturally infused treatment obtained a higher mean score in the parenting skills scale (4.1) than moms in the treatment as usual (3.5).

  18. Research Questions Study Question #5 Results Main Effect Therapist • Main Effect Therapist : Do Hispanic therapists yield a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than Anglo therapists? Moms with Hispanic therapists obtained a higher mean score in the parenting skills scale (3.7) than moms with Anglo therapists (3.0).

  19. Research Questions Interaction EffectsStudy Question #5 (results in Table 2) • Does Treatment Type moderate the therapists’ ethnicity difference in parental skills? • Do Hispanic therapists produce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than Anglo therapists in the culturally infused treatment? • Do Hispanic therapists produce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than Anglo therapists in the usual treatment?

  20. Table 2A Treatment Interaction Effect in the relation of therapist to outcome

  21. Does Treatment Type moderate the therapists’ ethnicity difference in parental skills? YES • Do Hispanic therapistsproduce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than Anglo therapists in the culturally infused treatment? No. CI Treatment mean with A Th = 4.2 and with HTh= 4.1.The difference is not statistically significant. • Do Hispanic therapists produce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings than Anglo therapistsin the usual treatment? Yes. Usual Treatment mean with ATh = 2.9 and with H Th = 3.4. The difference is statistically significant

  22. Research Questions Interaction Effects Study Question #5 • DoesTherapist ethnicity moderate the treatment difference in parenting skills? • Does the culturally infused vs. the usual treatment produce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings when administered by the Anglo Therapists? • Does the culturally infused vs. the usual treatment produce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings when administered by the Hispanic Therapists?

  23. Table 2B TherapistInteraction Effect in the relation of treatment to Parenting Skill

  24. Does Therapist Ethnicity moderate the treatment difference in parental skills? NO • Does the culturally infused vs. the usual treatment produce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings when administered by the Anglo Therapists? Yes - 4.2 vs. 2.9 *p <.05 • Does the culturally infused vs. the usual treatment produce a higher mean score in mom’s post-test parenting skills ratings when administered by the Hispanic TherapistsYes – 4.1 vs. 3.4 *p <.05 • Therapists’ ethnicity did not make a difference: with both types of therapists mothers in culturally infused treatment obtained higher parental skills ratings than mothers in usual treatment.

  25. Summary of Findings • Main Effects: • Moms in the Culturally Infused treatment (combining therapists) obtained higher scores in the post-test measure of parenting skills than moms in the Usual treatment. • Moms who received treatment from Hispanic therapists (combining treatments) obtained higher scores in the post-test measure of parenting skills than moms who received treatment from Anglo therapists. BUT…..

  26. Interaction Effects: Treatment type moderated the relation of therapist ethnicity to post-test parenting skills • Differences in outcome for Hispanic versus Anglo therapists applied only to the treatment as usual group - this is a moderation effect • Culturally Infused treatment, no differences in mom’s post-test scores between Anglo versus a Hispanic therapist. • Treatment as usual group, moms with a Hispanic therapist obtained higher scores in post-test scores than those with Anglo therapists. • These results indicate that therapists’ ethnicity is not related to outcome when therapists deliver treatments that take into account cultural factors.

  27. Summary of Findings: Interaction Effects: Ethnicity as moderator of treatment type differences • Regardless of therapists’ ethnicity, moms in the culturally infused treatment obtained higher post-test parenting skills scores than moms in the treatment as usual. • Therefore, therapist ethnicity did not moderate the relation of type of treatment to outcome- mothers’ level of parental skills scores.

  28. Conclusion • If interaction effect(s) is present, related main effect(s) is (are) not interpreted. • Given the moderation results, It does not make sense to say that therapists’ ethnicity makes a difference in treatment outcome. • One must note that therapists’ ethnicity makes a difference in outcome, only for non-culturally infused treatment.

  29. Table 3 2X2 ANCOVA with Moderation DV: Post-Test Parenting ScaleCovariate: Pre-Test Parenting Scale

  30. Second Study Question 6 • Independent Variables • Dependent Variables • Participants

  31. Second Study Q. 6

  32. Research Questions Study Question # 6 • Main Effect Place of birth: Do moms born in USA obtain higher scores in pre-test parenting skills than moms born in Mexico? • Main Effect Child’s Gender: Do moms of boys obtain higher scores in pre-test parenting skills than moms of girls? • Interaction Effect: Which combination of mom’s place of birth and child gender yields higher mean score in mom’s pre-test parenting skills ratings?

  33. Differences in Studies Questions #5 and #6 (1/2) • Nature of IVs and DVs • # 5 Treatment IVs manipulated #6 Both IVs are inherent to participants • #5 & #6 IVs are categorical • #5 & #6 DVs are continuous • Design • #5 Experimental factorial • #6 Expo-facto factorial

  34. Differences Studies in Questions #5 and #6 (2/2) • Assignment of participants to conditions, • #5 random • #6 characteristic inherent to participants • Statistical analyses • Both: ANOVA with interaction effects • Inferences from results • #5 Causal vs. #6 Association

  35. Treatment Fidelity • Develop detailed manuals for each treatment • Train counselors • Ask participants if cultural variables were included/addressed in the treatment • Fidelity check by independent raters

  36. Type of Studies • Research Question/Research Objective • Research Hypotheses

  37. Type of Studies • Research Question/Objective • Descriptive Quantitative • No basis for hypotheses • Qualitative • Research Hypotheses • Theoretical/empirical basis to make predictions

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