FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

1. FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_-Ltnvaf4I

2. Cranium/ Skull Mandible Clavicle Sternum Scapula Humerus Ribs Word Bank: Carpals Cervical Vertebrae Clavicle Cranium/Skull Femur Fibula Humerus Ilium Ischium Lumbar Vertebrae Mandible Metacarpals Metatarsals Patella Phalanges (2x) Radius Ribs Sacrum Scapula Sternum Tarsals Tibia Ulna Vertebrae Ulna Ilium Radius Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Ishium Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

3. Four Classifications of Bones • Long • femur & humerus • Short • carpals & tarsals • Flat • ribs, cranium, & scapula • Irregular • vertebrae

4. Long Bones • Epiphysis are the ends of the long bones which contain red marrow. • Diaphysis is the long middle area between the ends which contains yellow marrow

5. 2 Types of bone • Compact Bone • Hardend material • In long bones it makes up the diaphysis and covers the epiphysis • Spongy Bone • Bone with many open spaces • Found in the epiphysis of long bones

6. Bones begin as a flexible tissue called cartilage. • Throughout childhood most of the cartilage is replaced with solid bone

7. Bone Growth • Growth of long bones occur in the epiphsis at what is called the epipheseal plate….aka. “growth plate” • The epipheseal plate becomes thinner as we age and stop growing.

8. Infant Skull Has areas called fontenals (“soft spot”) which have not become solid bone yet

9. Infant Skull Will solidify to become the lines on the skull that we call sutures.

10. Skeleton will show evidence of a person’s Job/activity level Diet Illness/chronic disease Trauma Influences on Skeletal Remains

11. Excavated remains will be: Cleaned in forensic lab Arranged in correct anatomical order May be possible for forensic anthropologist to determine Sex Race Age Stature (height) Anthropological Examination

12. Child vs Adult Skeleton • Before puberty biological identification of remains can be difficult because • Bones are mostly cartilage • Growth plates not fused • Sexual differences not as pronounced • Best determinant – skull

13. Gender Identification Male vs. Female

14. MALE or FEMALE ??? • Two parts of the skeleton will be used to determine the gender of the individual • Pelvis • Skull

15. Subpubic Angle - Area right below the cartilage piece called the pubic symphysis • Females: • Greater than 90° angle • “U” shaped • Males: • Less than 90° angle • “V” shaped

16. Pelvic aperture - opening down into the pelvis that forms at the base of ilum bones • Female: Wide/round • Male: Narrow/heart-shaped MALE FEMALE

17. Greater sciatic notch – The notch in the back of the hipbone. The notch tends to be narrow in males (˂68o) and wider in females (˃68o). Female Male

18. Orbaturator foramen – The hole made by the joining of the ischium and pubis bones FEMALE Tends to be more oval in shape in males and more triangular in females. MALE

19. Sacrum • Female: • Short/Wide • Straight • Male: • Long/Narrow • Tilts Inward

20. Sex determination - Pelvis

21. Chin • Male: Square • Female: Rounded Forehead • Male: Sloping • Female: Vertical

22. Supraorbital Ridges (Eyebrow Ridges) • Males: • Larger/more prominent • Females: • Less prominent Zygomatic Arch (Cheek Bones) • Males: • Extends past ear area • Females: • Does not extend past ear area

23. Orbits: (Eye Sockets) • Male: more square • Female: more rounded MALE FEMALE

24. Mastoid Process • Male: • More pointed • Female: • Less Pointed

25. Sex determination - Skull

26. Race Determination Caucasoid, Mongoloid, or Negroid

27. Naison – bridge of nose

28. Measuring nasal width from insidenasal cavity

29. Nasal Height-naison to nasal spine measured with caliper.

30. Nasal Index Ratio: Width/ Height

31. Nasal spine • Nasal Silling – the bottom of the nasal spine points outward forming a “spout” • Nasal Guttering- lacking a sill at the bottom of the nasal opening

32. Prognathism: projection of the lower jaw

33. Shape of orbits Eye orbits or

34. Race determination • Mongoloid • Asian • Native American Indian • Caucasoid • White • Hispanic • Negroid • African

35. Orbital openings: round Nasal spine: Prominent Progathism: straight Caucasian

36. Negroid

37. Mongoloid

38. Humerus, Radius, Femur

39. Characteristics of Dentition Less affected by environmental factors Hardest structure in human body Tooth buds develop 2nd month after conception Eruption follows pattern In Adult skeleton Resorption of bone Attrition Root resorption Age determination - Dentition

40. Deciduous eruption

41. Permanent eruption

43. Age – Long bone development

44. Age – Skull development • 29 bones in the skull with sutures/fissures • Initial fusion few weeks postnatal • Continues through age 21 – 35 yrs • Mathematical formulas for using sutures to determine age

46. Height determination – Long bones • Rule of thumb – “Height roughly equals 5 times the length of the humerus.” • Since it is only an estimate, always have height be a range • Formulas 2.38 (femur length cm)+61.41 = Stature +/- 3.27

47. Manner of death Accident Suicide Homicide Natural causes Undetermined causes Cause of death – medical reason for death Asphyxia Drowning Stabbing Gun shot wound Etc Evidence of Trauma

48. Determine when Trauma took place • Antemortem – before death • Perimortem – around the time of death • Postmortem – after death occurred

49. Antemortem trauma • Bone healing or bone remodeling – depends upon • Age/health of individual • Nature/extent of injury • Location of injury • Bone healing has a distinctive look • Bony callus • Smooth edges • Usually no clues as to death