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Architecture. Fundamentals of Architecture Heartland Community College Author: Migotsky 101 students. Styles of Architecture. Egyptian Pre-Columbian Byzantine Islamic Gothic Cast-Iron Tibetan Georgian Modern. Egyptian Architecture. Prior to 3000 BCE (before common era)
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Architecture Fundamentals of Architecture Heartland Community CollegeAuthor: Migotsky 101 students
Styles of Architecture • Egyptian • Pre-Columbian • Byzantine • Islamic • Gothic • Cast-Iron • Tibetan • Georgian • Modern
Egyptian Architecture • Prior to 3000 BCE (before common era) • Abundant clay and scarce wood led to early development of ceramic art and brickwork
Pre-Columbian Architecture • 300 BCE – 300 ACE (after common era) • Aztec and Mayan • Mayan culture of Central America developed elaborate monuments, palaces, and pyramids
Byzantine Architecture • 330 ACE • Byzantine Architecture is based on a legacy of Roman technical achievements • A mixed style, composed of Greco-Roman and Asian elements which, in earlier centuries, cannot be clearly separated
Islamic Architecture • 7th Century ACE • Islamic Architecture is a synthesis r of styles, with decoration on the surface as the most important factor in every work. • Interlaced lines and brilliant colors characterize the style
Gothic Architecture • 12th Century ACE • The Gothic Style was the dominant structural and aesthetic mode in Europe for 400 years. • It emphasized the religious mania and the logical formalism that were the essence of the medieval period
Cast-Iron Architecture • After 1800’s ACE • Used mainly as an alternative to masonry; with the introduction of wrought-iron beams at mid-century, an efficient, prefabricated method of skeletal construction was possible
Tibetan Architecture • 15th Century ACE • Tibetan architecture was derived from Indian prototypes and was composed of one or more square bases, a square balcony, a bulbous dome, and a mast upholding umbrellas, surmounted by a finial • Famed for its enormous monastery-cities, which housed thousands of monks.
Georgian Architecture • 1714-1830 ACE • In the 1st half of 18th century, there was a countercurrent of Baroque architecture • The 2nd half of 18th century encouraged architects in Italy and Greece to draw freely, while incorporating classical elements .
Modern Architecture • Post World-War I • This styles mainly developed in Western countries after the first world war. • Based on the use of modern materials • Based on the principles of functionalist planning and the rejection of historical ornamentation
Four Necessities of Architecture • Technical Requirements • Functional Requirements • Spatial Requirements • Revelatory Requirements
Technical Requirements • It is important that the architect know the limits and capabilities of the materials used, so the structure will stand and withstand the test of time and the environment. • Example: Houses in the midwest should be designed with tornado season in mind, & roofs are peaked in preparation for heavy snow
Functional Requirements • Architects must be aware of the functional aspects of their creations. • Example:Schools are designed to hold large numbers of people; schoolrooms are usually designed to direct all eyes forward, toward the instructor
Spatial Requirements • It is imperative that the architect take spatial surroundings into consideration when creating building plans. Examples: Zoning laws and safety must be considered; skyscrapers should not be built near airport runways (for safety), and airports should not be built near elementary schools (so children aren’t constantly distracted)
Revelatory Requirements • How the architect creates the form for a building to reveal its function. Examples: Emergency facilities, such as hospitals, should be immediately recognizable. Most stores want to be recognizable to draw business, and many Christian and Orthodox churches are shaped like crosses, with a transept and nave.
The Space That Defines Architecture • Earth-Rooted • Sky-Oriented • Earth-Resting • Earth-Dominating
Earth-Rooted Architecture • Earth-rooted buildings emphasize the earth and natural surroundings. • An example would be “Falling Water,” by Frank Lloyd Wright (page 153).
Sky-Oriented Architecture • Sky-oriented (or sky-reaching) architecture emphasizes the sky as part of its space, rather than as just a backdrop. • Many churches are examples of sky-oriented architecture; the steeples direct the eye “heavenward.”
Earth-Resting Architecture • Earth-resting architecture accents neither the earth nor the sky, using the earth merely as a platform with the sky as a background. • Most modern subdivisions are full of earth-resting architecture.
Earth-Dominating Architecture • Earth-dominating architecture does not attempt to blend harmoniously with its surroundings, but instead “looms” over the landscape. • Earth-dominating architecture is often meant to portray a feeling of power, or intended to command attention. • Many palaces are earth-dominating architecture.
Urban Planning • A great deal of thought must go into urban planning • Urban planning must allow for residential, commercial, and industrial zones. • Examples: Housing should not be located next to waste facilities (although this happens); prisons and bars must be located a specific distance from schools and churches.
Conclusion • There are a wide variety of historical architectural styles • There are four necessities that every architect must take into consideration • There are 4 individual types of architectural orientation • Thoughtful urban planning is crucial to the success and livability of a city