Presentation Transcript

1. Chapter OneRUBENSTEIN

2. The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of suitable land for agriculture
3. Agricultural density The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of suitable land for agriculture
4. The total number of people divided by the total land area
5. Arithmetic density The total number of people divided by the total land area
6. An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
7. Base line An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
8. The science of making maps.
9. Cartography The science of making maps.
10. The spread of something over a given area.
11. Concentration The spread of something over a given area.
12. Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
13. Connections Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
14. The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature of trend throughout a population
15. Contagious Diffusion The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature of trend throughout a population.
16. Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
17. Cultural ecology Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
18. Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
19. Cultural landscape Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
20. The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
21. Culture The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
22. The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
23. Density The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
24. The process of spread of a feature of trend from one place to another over time.
25. Diffusion The process of spread of a feature of trend from one place to another over time.
26. The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from it origin.
27. Distance decay The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from it origin.
28. The arrangement of something across Earths surface.
29. Distribution The arrangement of something across Earths surface.
30. A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
31. Environmental determinism A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
32. The spread of a feature or tend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
33. Expansion diffusion The spread of a feature or tend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
34. An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
35. Formal region An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
36. An area organized around a node or focal point.
37. Functional region An area organized around a node or focal point.
38. A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
39. Geographic information system (GIS) A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
40. A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
41. Global Positioning System (GPS) A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
42. Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
43. Globalization Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
44. The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude.
45. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude.
46. The region from which innovative ideas originate.
47. Hearth The region from which innovative ideas originate.
48. The spread of a feature or trend from one key person of node of authority or power to other persons or places.
49. Hierarchical diffusion The spread of a feature or trend from one key person of node of authority or power to other persons or places
50. An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
51. International Date Line An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
52. A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
53. Land Ordinance of 1785 A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
54. The numbering system used to indicate the location or parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
55. Latitude The numbering system used to indicate the location or parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
56. The position of anything on Earths surface.
57. Location The position of anything on Earths surface.
58. The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
59. Longitude The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
60. A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
61. Map A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
62. An internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
63. Mental map An internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
64. An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.
65. Meridian An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.
66. A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
67. Parallel A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
68. The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
69. Pattern The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
70. The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
71. Physiological density The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
72. A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
73. Place A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
74. Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.
75. Polder Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.
76. The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
77. Possibilism The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
78. The meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
79. Prime meridian The meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
80. A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
81. Principal meridian A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
82. The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.
83. Projection The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.
84. An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
85. Region An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
86. An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
87. Regional studies An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
88. The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
89. Relocation diffusion The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
90. The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
91. Remote sensing The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
92. A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
93. Resource A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
94. Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
95. Scale Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
96. A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections.
97. Sections A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections.
98. The physical character of a place.
99. Site The physical character of a place.
100. The location of a place relative to other places.
101. Situation The location of a place relative to other places.
102. The physical gap or interval between two objects.
103. Space The physical gap or interval between two objects.
104. The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
105. Space-time compression The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
106. The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
107. Stimulus diffusion The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
108. The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
109. Toponym The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
110. A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.
111. Township A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.
112. A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its head-quarters or shareholders are located.
113. Transnational corporation A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its head-quarters or shareholders are located.
114. The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
115. Uneven development The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
116. An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
117. Vernacular region An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

118. Chapter 2: Rubenstein

     Population By: Santiago Realmo
119. The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
120. Agricultural Density The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
121. The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
122. Agricultural Revolution The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
123. The total number of people divided by the total land area.
124. Arithmetic Density The total number of people divided by the total land area.
125. A complete enumeration of a population.
126. Census A complete enumeration of a population.
127. The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
128. Crude Birth Rate The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
129. The total number deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
130. Crude Death Rate The total number deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
131. The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
132. Demographic Transition The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
133. The scientific study of population characteristics.
134. Demography The scientific study of population characteristics.
135. The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
136. Dependency Ratio The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
137. The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant natural increase.
138. Doubling Time The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant natural increase.
139. The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
140. Ecumene The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
141. Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
142. Epidemiologic Transition Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
143. Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
144. Epidemiology Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
145. A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
146. Industrial Revolution A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
147. The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
148. Infant Mortality Rate The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
149. The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
150. Life Expectancy The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
151. Medical technology in Europe and North America that diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
152. Medical Revolution Medical technology in Europe and North America that diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
153. The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
154. Natural Increase Rate The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
155. The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
156. Overpopulation The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
157. Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
158. Pandemic Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
159. The number of people per unit of arable land.
160. Physiological Density The number of people per unit of arable land.
161. A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
162. Population Pyramid A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
163. The number of males per 100 females in the population.
164. Sex Ratio The number of males per 100 females in the population.
165. The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
166. Total Fertility Rate The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
167. A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
168. Zero Population Growth A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

169. Chapter 3: Migration

     Rubenstein
170. Large-scale emigration by talented people

171. Brain Drain

     Large-scale emigration by talented people
172. Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

173. Chain migration

     Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
174. Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

175. Circulation

     Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.
176. Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

177. Counterurbanization

     Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
178. Migration from a location

179. Emigration

     Migration from a location
180. The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends

181. Floodplain

     The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends
182. Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors

183. Forced Migration

     Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
184. Workers who migrate to the most developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs

185. Guest workers

     Workers who migrate to the most developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs
186. Migration to a new location

187. Immigration

     Migration to a new location
188. Permanent movement within a particular country

189. Internal migration

     Permanent movement within a particular country
190. Permanent movement from one country to another

191. International migration

     Permanent movement from one country to another
192. Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

193. Interregional migration

     Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
194. An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

195. Intervening obstacle

     An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
196. Permanent movement within one region of a country

197. Intraregional migration

     Permanent movement within one region of a country
198. Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location

199. Migration

     Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
200. Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

201. Migration transition

     Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
202. All types of movement from one location to another

203. Mobility

     All types of movement from one location to another
204. The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

205. Net migration

     The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
206. Factor that induces people to move to a new location

207. Pull factor

     Factor that induces people to move to a new location
208. Factor that induces people to leave to a new location

209. Push factor

210. In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

211. Quotas

     In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
212. People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion

213. Refugees

     People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion
214. People who enter a country without proper documents

215. Undocumented immigrants

     People who enter a country without proper documents
216. Permanent movement undertaken by choice

217. Voluntary migration

     Permanent movement undertaken by choice

218. Chapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture

     By Johnny Crim
219. The frequent repetition of an act, to extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
220. The frequent repetition of an act, to extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act. Custom
221. Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
222. Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups Folk culture
223. A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.
224. A repetitive act performed by a particular individual. Habit
225. Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
226. Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. Popular culture
227. A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
228. Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics taboo
229. The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.
230. The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes. terroir

231. Chapter 5: Language

     Rubenstein
232. The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom
233. British Received Pronunciation The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area now considered standard in the United Kingdom
234. A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
235. Creole or creolized language A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
236. A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
237. Dialect A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
238. Dialect spoken by some African Americans.
239. Ebonics Dialect spoken by some African Americans.
240. A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
241. Extinct Language A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
242. A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of Francais and anglais, the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively.
243. Franglais A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of Francais and anglais, the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively.
244. The system of writing used in China and other East Asian counties in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
245. Ideograms The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
246. A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.
247. Isogloss A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.
248. A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
249. Isolated Language A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
250. A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
251. Language A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
252. A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
253. Language Branch A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
254. A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
255. Language Family A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
256. A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
257. Language group A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
258. A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
259. Lingua Franca A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
260. A language that is written as well as spoken.
261. Literacy Tradition A language that is written as well as spoken.
262. The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
263. Official Language The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
264. A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
265. Pidgin Language A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speaker of two different languages.
266. Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans.
267. Spanglish Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans.
268. The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
269. Standard Language The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
270. A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
271. Vulgar Latin A form of Latin used daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.

272. Chapter 6

     Rubenstein
273. Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
274. Animism Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms or earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
275. A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
276. Autonomous religion A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
277. The class or distinct hereditary order in which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
278. Caste A class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
279. A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
280. Cosmogony A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
281. A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
282. Denomination A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
283. The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church.
284. Diocese The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church.
285. A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
286. Ethnic Religion A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
287. Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
288. Fundamentalism Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination or sect).
289. During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
290. Ghetto During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
291. A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
292. Hierarchical diffusion A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
293. An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
294. Missionary An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
295. The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.
296. Monotheism The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.
297. A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.
298. Pagan A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.
299. A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
300. Pilgrimage A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
301. Belief in or worship of more than one god.
302. Polytheism Belief in or worship of more than one god.
303. A relatively small group that has broken away form an established denomination.
304. Sect A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
305. Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator.
306. Solstice Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator.
307. A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
308. Universalizing religion A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
309. A large and fundamental division within a religion.
310. Branch A large and fundamental division within a religion.

311. Chapter 8: Political Geography

     Rubenstein
312. An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over it’s internal and external affairs.

313. State

     An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over it’s internal and external affairs.
314. Independence from control of it’s internal affairs by other states.

315. Sovereignty

     Independence from control of it’s internal affairs by other states.
316. States with very small land areas.

317. Microstates

     States with very small land areas.
318. The effort by one country to establish it’s political, economic, and cultural principles on such territory.
319. A sovereign state that comprises of a town and the surrounding countryside.

320. City-state

     A sovereign state that comprises of a town and the surrounding countryside.

321. Colonialism

     The effort by one country to establish it’s political, economic, and cultural principles on such territory.
322. Control of a territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.

323. Imperialism

     Control of a territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
324. The distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
325. An invisible line marking the extent of a state’s territory.

326. Boundary

     An invisible line marking the extent of a state’s territory.

327. Compact State

     The distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
328. An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.

329. Prorupted State

     An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.
330. State with a long and narrow shape.

331. Elongated State

     State with a long and narrow shape.
332. Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

333. Fragmented State

     Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
334. A state that completely surrounds another one.

335. Perforated State

     A state that completely surrounds another one.
336. Lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is surrounded by several other countries.

337. Landlocked State

     Lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is surrounded by several other countries.
338. A zone where no state exercises complete political control.

339. Frontier

     A zone where no state exercises complete political control.
340. Places most power in the hands of central government officials.

341. Unitary State

     Places most power in the hands of central government officials.
342. Allocates strong power to units of local government within the country.

343. Federal State

     Allocates strong power to units of local government within the country.
344. The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

345. Gerrymandering

     The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
346. A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances.

347. Balance of Power

     A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances.

348. Chapter 9Development

     By Johnny Crim
349. Countries that have progressed further along the development continuum.
350. Has progressed further along the development continuum. developed country
351. A country in an earlier stage of development.
352. A country in an earlier stage of development. developing country
353. A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
354. A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. development
355. Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
356. Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards. Fair trade
357. Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
358. Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country. Foreign direct development
359. Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
360. Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making. Gender empowerment measure
361. Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.
362. Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. Gender-related development index
363. Gross domestic product The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period(normally one year).
364. The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period(normally one year). Gross domestic product
365. Human development index Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
366. Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. Human development index
367. A country in an earlier stage of development.
368. A country in an earlier stage of development. Less developed country
369. The percent of a country’s peopled who can read and write.
370. The percent of a country’s peopled who can read and write. Literacy rate
371. Has progressed further along the development continuum.
372. Has progressed further along the development continuum. More developed country
373. The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
374. The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry. Primary sector
375. The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor to make it.
376. The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor to make it. productivity
377. Has progressed further along the development continuum.
378. Has progressed further along the development continuum. Relatively developed country
379. The portions of earth’s economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
380. The portions of earth’s economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. Secondary sector
381. Economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services
382. Economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services Structural adjustment program
383. The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
384. The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. Tertiary sector
385. A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters of share holders are located.
386. A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters of share holders are located. Transnational corporation
387. The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
388. The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. Value added

389. Chapter 10- Agriculture

     Rubenstein
390. Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

391. Agriculture

     Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
392. Any plant cultivated by people.

393. Crop

     Any plant cultivated by people.
394. The reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants.

395. Vegetative Planting

     The reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants.
396. The reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization.

397. Seed Agriculture

     The reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization.
398. The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.

399. Subsistence Agriculture

     The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.
400. The production of food primarily for sale off the farm.

401. Commercial Agriculture

     The production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
402. A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

403. Shifting Cultivation

     A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
404. Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris.

405. Slash-and-burn Agriculture

     Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris.
406. A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals.

407. Pastoral Nomadism

     A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals.
408. Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

409. Transhumance

     Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
410. Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.

411. Pasture

     Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.
412. A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

413. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

     A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
414. The practice of planting wet rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.

415. Wet Rice

     The practice of planting wet rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.
416. A flooded field in Austronesian.

417. Sawah

     A flooded field in Austronesian.
418. The Malay word for wet rice.

419. Paddy

     The Malay word for wet rice.
420. Husks of grain separated from the seeds by threshing.

421. Chaff

     Husks of grain separated from the seeds by threshing.
422. To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.

423. Thresh

     To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.
424. To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.

425. Winnow

     To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.
426. The outer covering of a seed.

427. Hull

     The outer covering of a seed.
428. Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

429. Double Cropping

     Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
430. The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

431. Crop Rotation

     The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
432. A large farm that specializes in one or two crops.

433. Plantation

     A large farm that specializes in one or two crops.
434. A grass yielding grain for food.

435. Cereal grain

     A grass yielding grain for food.
436. The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.

437. Milkshed

     The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.
438. Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in early summer.

439. Winter Wheat

     Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in early summer.
440. Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.

441. Spring Wheat

     Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.
442. A machine that cuts grain standing in the field.

443. Reaper

     A machine that cuts grain standing in the field.
444. A machine that performs the three tasks of reaping, threshing, and cleaning in one operation.

445. Combine

     A machine that performs the three tasks of reaping, threshing, and cleaning in one operation.
446. The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area.

447. Ranching

     The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area.
448. The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

449. Horticulture

     The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
450. Commercial gardening and fruit farming, named for a Middle English word.

451. Truck Farming

     Commercial gardening and fruit farming, named for a Middle English word.
452. An agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality.

453. Sustainable Agriculture

     An agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality.
454. A system of planting crops on ridge tops.

455. Ridge Tillage

     A system of planting crops on ridge tops.
456. Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 2 years and left fallow for more than 20 years, long enough for the forest to grow back.

457. Forest Fallow

     Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 2 years and left fallow for more than 20 years, long enough for the forest to grow back.
458. Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 8 years and left fallow for up to 10 years, long enough for small trees and bushes to grow back.

459. Bush Fallow

     Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 8 years and left fallow for up to 10 years, long enough for small trees and bushes to grow back.
460. Fields are cleared and utilized for perhaps 2 years and left fallow for up to 2 years, long enough for wild grasses to grow back.

461. Short Fallow

     Fields are cleared and utilized for perhaps 2 years and left fallow for up to 2 years, long enough for wild grasses to grow back.
462. Fields are used every year and left fallow for a few months by planting legumes and roots.

463. Annual Cropping

     Fields are used every year and left fallow for a few months by planting legumes and roots.
464. Fields are used several times a year and never left fallow.

465. Multicropping

     Fields are used several times a year and never left fallow.
466. Human actions causing land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition.

467. Desertification

     Human actions causing land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition.
468. The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970’s and 1980’s.

469. Green Revolution

     The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970’s and 1980’s.

470. Chapter 11: Industry

     Rubenstein
471. A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

472. Break-of-bulk point

     A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another
473. An industry in which the final product weighs more or compromises a greater volume than the inputs

474. Bulk-gaining industry

     An industry in which the final product weighs more or compromises a greater volume than the inputs
475. An industry in which the final product weighs less or compromises a lower volume than the inputs

476. Bulk-reducing industry

     An industry in which the final product weighs less or compromises a lower volume than the inputs
477. Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factory, commonly found before industrial revolution

478. Cottage industry

     Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factory, commonly found before industrial revolution
479. Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly

480. Fordist Production

     Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly
481. A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

482. Industrial revolution

     A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
483. An industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total expenses

484. Labor-intensive industry

     An industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total expenses
485. Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor cost in Mexico

486. Maquiladora

     Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor cost in Mexico
487. Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries

488. New international division of labor

     Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries
489. A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent supplies

490. Outsourcing

     A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent supplies
491. Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks

492. Post-Fordist Production

     Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks
493. A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment

494. Right-to-work laws

     A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
495. Location factors related to the costs of factors production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital

496. Site factors

     Location factors related to the costs of factors production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital
497. Location factors related to transportation of materials into and from a factory

498. Situation factors

     Location factors related to transportation of materials into and from a factory
499. A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

500. Textile

     A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

501. Chapter 12Rubenstein

     Services
502. An industry that exports primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
503. Basic Industries An industry that exports primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
504. To facilitate other businesses.
505. Business Services To facilitate other businesses.
506. Services of all types clustered in the center of the city, commonly called downtown.
507. Central Business District (CBD) Services of all types clustered in the center of the city, commonly called downtown.
508. A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
509. Central place A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
510. Explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists.
511. Central place theory Explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists.
512. Independent self-governing communities that included the settlement and nearby country sides.
513. City-State Independent self-governing communities that included the settlement and nearby country sides.
514. A number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
515. Clustered Rural Settlement A number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
516. To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them.
517. Consumer Services To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them.
518. Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.
519. Dispersed Rural Settlement Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.
520. A community's unique collection of basic industries.
521. Economic Base A community's unique collection of basic industries.
522. When a country converts their rural landscapes from clustered settlements to dispersed patterns.
523. Enclosure movement When a country converts their rural landscapes from clustered settlements to dispersed patterns.
524. A model that predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
525. Gravity model A model that predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
526. The area surrounding a service which customers are attracted to.
527. Market area (hinterland) The area surrounding a service which customers are attracted to.
528. Enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially consumer service.
529. Nonbasic industries Enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially consumer service.
530. A country's largest city.
531. Primate city A country's largest city.
532. The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.
533. Primate city rule The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.
534. Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
535. Public services Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
536. The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
537. Range (of a service) The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
538. A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
539. Rank-size rule A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
540. Any activity that fulfills a human need or want and returns money to those who provide it.
541. Service Any activity that fulfills a human need or want and returns money to those who provide it.
542. A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
543. Settlement A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
544. The minimum number of people needed to support a service.
545. Threshold The minimum number of people needed to support a service.

546. Chapter 13Rubenstein

     Urban Patterns
547. Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
548. Annexation Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
549. An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
550. Census Tract An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
551. The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
552. A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
553. Concentric Zone Model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
554. Density Gradient The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
555. A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
556. Edge City A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
557. A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.
558. Filtering A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.
559. A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
560. Gentrification A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
561. A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
562. Greenbelt A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
563. In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
564. Metropolitan statistical area In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
565. An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found and adjacent counties tied to the city.
566. Metropolitan statistical area An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found and adjacent counties tied to the city.
567. A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes and activities.
568. Multiple nuclei model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes and activities.
569. A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business area tied together by a beltway or ring road.
570. Peripheral model A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business area tied together by a beltway or ring road.
571. Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families incomes.
572. Public Housing Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families incomes.
573. A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
574. Redlining A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
575. The four consecutive 15- minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
576. Rush Hour The four consecutive 15- minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
577. A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out form the central business district.
578. Sector Model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out form the central business district.
579. Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
580. Smart Growth Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
581. Development of new housing sites at relatively low density an locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area.
582. Sprawl Development of new housing sites at relatively low density an locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area.
583. An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
584. Squatter Settlement An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
585. A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
586. Underclass A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
587. An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
588. Urbanization An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
589. In the U.S., a central city plus is contiguous built-up suburbs.
590. Urbanized area In the U.S., a central city plus is contiguous built-up suburbs.
591. A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.
592. Zoning Ordinance A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

593. Chapter 14: Resource Issues

     Rubenstein
594. Power supplied by machines.

595. Inanimate power

     Power supplied by machines.
596. Metals utilized to make products other than steel and iron.

597. Nonferrous

     Metals utilized to make products other than steel and iron.
598. A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

599. Nonrenewable Energy

     A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
600. A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation found in the stratosphere, a z zone between 15 and 50 km above earth’s surface.

601. Ozone

     A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation found in the stratosphere, a z zone between 15 and 50 km above earth’s surface.
602. Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of mechanical devices.

603. Passive Solar Energy Systems

     Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of mechanical devices.
604. An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

605. Photochemical Smog

     An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.
606. Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to generate electricity.

607. Photovoltaic Cell

     Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to generate electricity.
608. Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate.

609. Pollution

     Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate.
610. The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified.

611. Potential Reserve

     The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified.
612. Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

613. Preservation

     Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.
614. The amount of resource remaining in discovered deposits.

615. Proven Resource

     The amount of resource remaining in discovered deposits.
616. Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore the particles must be safely stored for thousands of years.

617. Radioactive Waste

     Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore the particles must be safely stored for thousands of years.
618. The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.

619. Recycling

     The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.
620. A resource that has theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.

621. Renewable Energy

     A resource that has theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.
622. A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.

623. Resource

     A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
624. A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

625. Sanitary Landfill

     A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
626. One that actually has good jokes. (i.e. Not Mr. Luby.)

627. Funny Teacher

     One that actually has good jokes. (i.e. Not Mr. Luby.)
628. The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generation will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development.

629. Sustainable Development

     The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generation will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development.