著者：范守义、郭立秋、贾令仪 2011 年 6-9 月

1. 《英汉语篇翻译教程》 著者：范守义、郭立秋、贾令仪 2011年6-9月

2. 译文讲评：Text A (PPT v 2.0) Text A: Central Banks Intervene to Calm Volatile Markets Passage 14:

3. 第1段第1句 • 其中infusion一词义项较多，包括： Central banks around the world acted in unison yesterday to calm nervous financial markets by providing an infusion of cash to the system.

4. in·fu·sionnoun • The act or process of infusing. • Something infused or introduced: an economy in need of regular capital infusions. • The liquid product obtained by infusing: prepared an infusion of medicinal herbs. a. Introduction of a solution into the body through a vein for therapeutic purposes. b. The solution so introduced: a sucrose infusion.

5. 第1段第2句 • 因为地球是由西向东转，因此，当亚洲进入白天的交易时，欧洲的时间还要往回推若干小时，美国的时间则更要往回推了。换句话说，当纽约开始一天的交易，亚洲的交易已经完成了。即是说，在这句话里，亚洲的股市急剧下跌，接着是欧洲（法兰克福，伦敦）股市也下跌，然后是纽约的早盘交易下跌，这一天纽约股市收平。知道地球自转的道理，这句话就不会理解错，翻译错了。 But stocks still fell sharply in Asia and Europe, and in early trading in New York, before they recovered and closed essentially flat for the day on Wall Street.

7. 第2段第1句 • swing 1:  an act or instance of swinging : swinging movement: as a (1) : a stroke or blow delivered with a sweeping arm movement <a batter with a powerful swing> (2) : a sweeping or rhythmic movement of the body or a bodily part (3) : a dance figure in which two dancers revolve with joined arms or hands (4) : jazz dancing in moderate tempo with a lilting syncopation b (1) : the regular movement of a freely suspended object (as a pendulum) along an arc and back (2) : back and forth sweep <the swing of the tides>c (1) : steady pulsing rhythm (as in poetry or music) (2) : a steady vigorous movement characterizing an activity or creative work d (1) : a trend toward a high or low point in a fluctuating cycle (as of business activity) (2) : an often periodic shift from one condition, form, position, or object of attention or favor to another As in recent weeks, the markets moved in wild swings，

8. 2 a: liberty of action b (1) : the driving power of something swung or hurled (2) :steady vigorous advance : driving speed <a train approaching at full swing> 3: the progression of an activity, process, or phase of existence <the work is in full swing> 4: the arc or range through which something swings 5: something that swings freely from or on a support; especially: a seat suspended by a rope or chains for swinging to and fro on for pleasure 6 a: a curving course or outline b: a course from and back to a point : a circular tour 7: jazz that is played (as by a big band) with a steady beat and that uses the harmonic structures of popular songs and the blues as a basis for improvisations and arrangements 8: a short pass in football thrown to a back running to the outside

9. 在文中，swing用在金融领域，意思应该是第1个意思中的d (1) : a trend toward a high or low point in a fluctuating cycle (as of business activity)，翻译成汉语就是“震荡”。

10. 第2段第1句 • underscore 有两个义项，即 • un·der·score[transitive] especially American English 1 to draw a line under a word or phrase to show that it is important [= underline] 2 to emphasize the fact that something is important or true[= underline] • 前者是原义，后者是引申义。本句话中显然使用的是引申义。这个词的用法，参见下面的几个例子，The prime minister arrived early to underscore the importance of the occasion. These failures underscore the difficulty of what we’re attempting to do. The President's visit underscores the administration’s commitment to free trade.

11. 第2段第2句 • 其中concern 可以看成是consideration的同义或近义词，而consideration在这句话中可能有什么意思呢？ Investors weighed concerns that losses in the American mortgage market would deepen and spread …

12. con·sid·er·a·tionn. 1. a. Careful thought; deliberation: We will give your proposal consideration. b. A result of considering; an opinion or a judgment: Is it your consideration that I should apply? 2. A factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision: Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.

13. 3. A treatment or account: The essay begins with a brief consideration of the history of the problem. 4. Thoughtful concern for others; solicitude. 5. High regard; esteem. 6. Payment given in exchange for a service rendered; recompense: agreed to do it for a small consideration. 7. Law Something promised, given, or done that has the effect of making an agreement a legally enforceable contract.

14. 第3段第1句 • 其中comfort有如下几个意思，即 1: to give strength and hope to : cheer 2: to ease the grief or trouble of : console，如 Our family was comforted by the outpouring of support from the community. We can comfort ourselves with the thought that the worst is over. Hoping to provide some comfort that there is ample cash available, the Federal Reserve…

15. 本句话当然是第1个义项，而我们看cheer的定义则是a source of joy or happiness; a comfort. 因此，comfort同cheer可以看成在第1个义项是同义关系，也就是给人们以希望而高兴起来的意思。

16. The Federal Reserve 的全称是Federal Reserve System，这是自1913年以来使用的名字，非正式亦称the Fed。

17. 第3段第2句 • 其中inject在本句话中使用的是哪个义项呢？如果看不出哪个义项比较合适，我们该怎么办呢？ • in·ject tr.v. in·ject·ed, in·ject·ing, in·jects 1. To force or drive (a fluid) into something: inject fuel into an engine cylinder; inject air into a liquid mixture. 2. a. Medicine To introduce (a drug or vaccine, for example) into a body part, especially by means of a syringe. b. To treat by means of injection: injected the patient with digitalis. 3. To introduce into conversation or consideration: tried to inject a note of humor into the negotiations. 4. To place into an orbit, trajectory, or stream. The central bank injected $38 billion into the financial system，

18. 第4段 • 文中提到the Standard & Poor, the S.& P. 500; Dow Jones industrial average, the Dow以及the Nasdaq等几个不同的股市交易量变化的指数。我们要了解其含义，全称和简称以及中文的译称。略微了解一下它们的来龙去脉是有益的。

19. Standard & Poor’s • Standard & Poor’s (S&P) is a United States-based financial services company. It is a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies that publishes financial research and analysis on stocks and bonds. It is well known for the stock market indexes, the US-based S&P 500, the Australian S&P/ASX 200, the Canadian S&P/TSX, the Italian S&P/MIB and India’s S&P CNX Nifty. • S&P 500—value weighted index of the prices of 500 large-cap common stocks actively traded in the United States. • S&P 400 MidCap Index • S&P 600 SmallCap Index

21. Dow Jones Industrial Average • The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), also referred to as the Industrial Average, the Dow Jones, the Dow 30, or simply the Dow, is a stock market index, and one of several indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company co-founder Charles Dow. The average is named after Dow and one of his business associates, statistician Edward Jones. It is an index that shows how 30 large, publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a standard trading session in the stock market. It is the second oldest U.S. market index after the Dow Jones Transportation Average, which was also created by Dow.

23. NASDAQ Stock Market • The NASDAQ Stock Market, also known as the NASDAQ, is an American stock exchange. “NASDAQ” originally stood for “National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations,” but the exchange’s official stance is that the acronym is obsolete. It is the largest electronic screen-based equity securities trading market in the United States and fourth largest by market capitalization in the world. With approximately 3,700 companies and corporations, it has more trading volume than any other stock exchange in the world.

25. 第5段第1句 • 其中exposed的用法可以从下面的义项中，找出合适的一个吗？你能够找到一些例句来说明这个义项的具体用法吗？ • ex·posedadj 1. not concealed; displayed for viewing 2. without shelter from the elements 3. susceptible to attack or criticism; vulnerable 4. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Mountaineering) Mountaineering (of a climb, pitch, or move) performed on a high, sheer, and unsheltered rock face The question that remains is just how exposedthe financial system and the economy are,

26. 第5段第2句 • con·front v.con·front·ed, con·front·ing, con·fronts v.tr. 1. To come face to face with, especially with defiance or hostility: I wish to confront my accuser in a court of law. 2. To bring face to face with: The defendant was confronted with incontrovertible evidence of guilt. 3. To come up against; encounter:confronted danger at every turn. v.intr. To engage in confrontation: "She got no child support. [She] didn't argue or confront"(Gail Sheehy). … which finds itself confronting its first major financial crisis…，

27. 第5段第2句 • under the leadership of Ben S. Bernanke • Ben Shalom Bernanke •  (pronounced /bər·næŋki/ bər-NAN-kee; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist, and the current Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. Previously, he served as Fed Governor and Chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers.

28. 第6段 • 其中stomach一词作为及物动词有两个义项1. To bear; tolerate.即容忍、忍受的意思，如I cannot stomach this insult；2. Obsolete To resent.这是个有趣的语义现象，即原来的意思是埋怨、怨恨之义，现已废弃，现在是相反的意思了。 …and whether consumers and businesses will be able to stomach higher interest rates and stricter loan underwriting

29. loan underwriting是什么意思呢？ • un·der·writev. tr. 1. To assume financial responsibility for; guarantee against failure: underwrite a theatrical production. 2. a. To sign (an insurance policy) so as to assume liability in case of specified losses. b. To insure. c. To insure against losses totaling (a given amount). 3. a. To guarantee the purchase of (a full issue of stocks or bonds). b. To agree to buy the unsold part of (stock not yet sold publicly) at a fixed time and price. 4. a. To write under or at the end of something. b. To subscribe to, especially to sign or endorse (a document). 5. To support or agree to (a decision, for example). v. intr. To act as an underwriter, especially to issue an insurance policy.

30. 维基百科(wikipedia)可以给你更为专业的解释，如：维基百科(wikipedia)可以给你更为专业的解释，如： • Underwriting refers to the process that a large financial service provider (bank, insurer, investment house) uses to assess the eligibility of a customer to receive their products (equity capital, insurance, mortgage, or credit). The name derives from the Lloyd’s of London insurance market. Financial bankers, who would accept some of the risk on a given venture (historically a sea voyage with associated risks of shipwreck) in exchange for a premium, would literally write their names under the risk information that was written on a Lloyd’s slip created for this purpose.

31. 第7段 • 其中Charles Schwab的全称是Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.，中文的名称是嘉信理財。 • 注意这个Schwab与World Economic Forum的缔造者Klaus Schwab (Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum)无关。 Liz Ann Sonders, chief investment strategist at Charles Schwab

32. 第8段 • 其中economic landscape可以视为一个转义词，你在下面的义项集合中找到你想要的义项了吗？ But, she added, “if the economic landscape deteriorates much from here, then we are going to have to suffer through a more difficult market period.

33. land·scapen. 1. An expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view: a desert landscape. 2. A picture depicting an expanse of scenery. 3. The branch of art dealing with the representation of natural scenery. 4. The aspect of the land characteristic of a particular region: a bleak New England winter landscape. 5. Grounds that have been landscaped: liked the house especially for its landscape. 6. An extensive mental view; an interior prospect: “They occupy the whole landscape of my thought” (James Thurber). • 从以上所列landscape一词的义项来看，我们找不到与文本相关的义项及其定义，我们再考察一下这个词的词源：

34. 从landscape的词源来看，这个词并没有解释文本中，我们需要的义项，可见这个义项是新增的，如何将这个词翻译成中文，要看具体的local context。一般情况下，我们将其翻译成“格局”，当然这绝对不是唯一的选词，还是要动动脑筋，想出与该句话相应而又贴切的、符合中文习惯的译法，请看下面的三个例子： 1. The global economic and financial landscape is rapidly evolving. Just a year ago, the global economy was in the fifth year of an exceptionally broad-based expansion, led by strong growth in emerging economies and accompanied by low inflation, well-anchored expectations and low interest rates. 2. Three congressional candidates celebrated bittersweet victories in Connecticut and Hawaii on Sunday as a tumultuous political landscapeforced them to keep an eye over their shoulders. 3. Keith Johnson is a color photographer of the social landscape. He exhibits nationally and is included in major public collections.

35. 第9段 • 其中choppy的原来意思是 Having many small waves; rough如，choppy seas，这里显然是比喻的用法； • 这一句中另外一个词dribble的义项有： … which suggests that markets will remain choppy as information about failing hedge funds and mortgage companies dribbles out.

36. drib·ble 1 [intransitive and transitive] to let liquid come out of your mouth onto your face: Watch out, the baby is dribbling on your shirt! He was dribbling tea onto his tie. 2 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] if a liquid dribbles somewhere, it flows in a thin irregular stream: Blood from the wound dribbled down the side of his face. 3 [intransitive and transitive] to move the ball along with you by short kicks, bounces, or hits in a game of football, basketball etc: He was trying to dribble the ball past his opponents.

37. 4 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition]if something such as money or news dribbles somewhere, it comes or goes in small irregular amounts: Money is finally dribbling back into the country now. 5 [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to pour something out slowly in an irregular way: Dribble a few drops of olive oil over the pizza. • 文中的dribbles out原本是说 to fall in small drops，如 Water dribbled out of the tap这里自然也是比喻的用法了。

38. 第11段 • 其中volatility在金融词汇里指The relative rate at which the price of a security moves up and down. Volatility is found by calculating the annualized standard deviation of daily change in price. If the price of a stock moves up and down rapidly over short time periods, it has high volatility. If the price almost never changes, it has low volatility.普通在线词典的解释是：Tending to vary often or widely, as in price，如 the ups and downs of volatile stocks。 Volatility, as measured by one popular index of options trading

39. 第12段 • vol·a·tile  adj  • Definition of VOLATILE 1: readily vaporizable at a relatively low temperature 2: flying or having the power to fly 3a: lighthearted, lively b: easily aroused <volatile suspicions>c: tending to erupt into violence : explosive <a volatiletemper> 4a: unable to hold the attention fixed because of an inherent lightness or fickleness of disposition b: characterized by or subject to rapid or unexpected change <a volatile market> 5: difficult to capture or hold permanently : evanescent, transitory The financial sector has been among the most volatile，

40. Examples of VOLATILE • The stock market can be very volatile. • She is a volatile woman. • The protests are increasing, creating a volatile situation in the capital. • I am beginning to hear investors say that the best way to beat this volatile market is by trading—anxiously moving in and out of securities as the market ebbs and flows. In my view there is no surer path to the poorhouse. —John W. Rogers, Jr., Forbes, 25 May 2009

41. 第12段 • 在这个表示结果的不定式短语之前有only的限制，其最合适的义项即是 in the final outcome or decision，例如 You will only regret your harsh words to me.所以译文是：“收盘前最终爬升1.1个百分点，再无大变化”。 … only to climb as much as 1.1 percent before closing little changed，

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