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The Life of Ernest Hemingway. Background. Born in July 21 , 1899 in Cicero, Illinois Died in July 2, 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho Son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway and Grace Hall Hemingway In high school, he enjoyed writing and worked for the Kansas City Star.
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Background • Born in July 21, 1899 in Cicero, Illinois • Died in July 2, 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho • Son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway and Grace Hall Hemingway • In high school, he enjoyed writing and worked for the Kansas City Star. • He had three siblings.
Military Life • Hemingway served World War I in 1918 as an ambulance driver in the Italian Army. • Awarded Italian Silver Medal of Bravery. • Ended up in a hospital in Milan and met a nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky ,who accepted his marriage proposal but left him left him for another man. • This break up inspired him to write “A Very Short Story” and A & A & A Farewell to Arms.
Love life • He had total of 4 wives. • He met his first wife, Hadley Richardson, in Chicago. They married and moved to Paris, where Hemingway worked as a correspondent for The Star. • He had an affair with Pauline Pfeiffer and divorced Hadley. Soon after, married Pauline. • Hemingway went to Spain and had an affair with Martha Gellhorn and married her 3 weeks later after he divorced Pauline. • He then divorced Martha and married Mary Welsh in Cuba.
Writing Style/themes/Legacy • His writing style was very straightforward and masculine. • According to Frederic Svoboda, Hemingway focuses on themes of love, war, and wilderness and loss. • Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature on October 1954. • Literary Works The Sun Also Rises “Indian Camp” A Farewell to Arms For Whom the Bell Tolls “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber”
The Lost Generation • Hemingway, in Paris, became a key part of what Gertrude Stein would call “The Lost Generation”. • Stein was Hemingway’s mentor. • During this time period, he made the acquaintance of many great writers and artists.
Final years and death • Hemingway was diagnosed with hemocromatosis in his final years. (he inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration.) • On April 1961, Mary Welsh found Hemingway holding a shotgun one morning in Ketchum. After being sedated and released from the hospital, two days later, on July 2, he wrapped his mouth around his favorite shotgun, pulled the trigger, and blew out his brains.
Works cited A & E Networks. "Ernest Hemingway Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. Wikipedia. "Ernest Hemingway." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013.
Expatriates • Definition: N. A person who lives outside their native country. Emigrant. • An expatriate gives up their citizenship in their home country. • Most expatriates traveled to Paris in the 1920s because it was seen as the cultural capital of the time. • They were called the “Lost Generation.” • Found varying degrees of success while in Paris. • Living was less expensive in Paris at the time. • Large literary communities in Paris, mostly in the Left Bank of Paris near the Seine River. • The French had more liberal ideas. • Sexuality wasn’t a taboo. • Many writers such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ezra Pound went to Europe to escape the United States. • Many were also alcoholics and suffered from depression.
Reasons for Leaving the United States • Most expatriates left because of post-war disillusionment. (After World War I, many people questioned the reason of the war and the point of all the deaths and fighting) • Many expatriates disagreed with American policy after war. • They protested against the wealth and complacency • They felt alienated from society because their views differed from the majority of the people in America.
Left Bank Paris • The area where a large amount of expatriates resided near the Seine River. • This region of Paris was a literary community where writers could encounter one another and discuss literature, collaborate, or just socialize in general. • The expatriates usually went to cafes and bars within the community.
Ernest Hemingway • Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. • He served as an ambulance driver in World War I for the Italian army but due to injuries he was hospitalized in Milan. • After he came back form war, he was disillusioned and moved to Paris. • Hemingway was inspired by many people he met in his European travels and his inspirations influenced his characters in his novels. • He traveled all over Europe reporting events and while doing so, Hemingway went on many adventures. • Hemingway had a habit of marrying any woman that caught his eye, then shortly afterwards, he divorced them for a younger female. He had four marriages. • He survived many plane crashes and injuries from his adventures. • Unfortunately, Hemingway suffered from depression, high blood pressure, liver disease. His mental and physical health slowly decreased also. He committed suicide with a gun.
F. Scott Fitzgerald • F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. • From a young age, he was recognized for his exceptional writing talent. • He entered the military after college, but did not go to into War World I. The war ended before he could deploy • He met Zelda Sayre in Alabama and fell in love with her and married her. • The couple moved to New York to launch Fitzgerald’s career. He soon made lots of money and became a well known writer. • In the United States, the couple had a high celebrity status and were society’s elite. • They lived a life of parties, drinking, smoking, dancing and luxurious spending. • Bored with his American surroundings, Fitzgerald sought new inspirations and took his family to France. • F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda were the “it” couple, they socialized with other legendary writers like Ernest Hemingway. • His fame soon started to decline when his alcoholism took control of his life. He also experienced writer’s block and no one would hire him. • Zelda almost tried to kill herself and went insane. She was sent to an asylum and died there. • F. Scott Fitzgerald suffered from depression and alcoholism and died of a heart attack.
Ezra Pound • Ezra Pound was in Hailey, Idaho Territory in 1885. • He disliked the amount of deaths from first World War and the American policy, so he moved to Italy. • In Italy, he took a liking to Fascism. • On Rome Radio he criticized the United States and was accused in absentia for treason. The United States Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service heard his broadcast at a listening station in Princeton University. • He was arrested in his home in Italy and taken to an American Military Post to be interrogated by the FBI. • He was in solitary confinement for three weeks and suffered from a mental breakdown. • He went back to the United States and was tried for treason, but his lawyer kept him from life imprisonment by proving that Ezra was insane. He was then sent to Chestnut Ward Hospital and lived there for 12 years. • He left the hospital in 1958 and went back to Italy. • He went into depression and felt as though he was a failure. He suffered from diseases and his health was diminishing. • He died of an intestinal blockage.
As a Man • Born July 21, 1899; • He worked on his school newspaper, Trapeze and Tabula, writing primarily about sports. • In 1918, Hemingway went overseas to serve in World War I as an ambulance driver in the Italian Army. For his service, he was awarded the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery. • When not writing, he did search for adventures like bullfighting, deep sea diving, Big game hunting, etc. • Had a grand total of 4 wives. • Early on the morning of July 2, 1961, Ernest Hemingway committed suicide in his Ketchum home due to his probems with depression.
“Papa” Hemingway • “Papa” came about for a number of reasons, including, according to official biographer Carlos Baker, Hemingway’s desire to be respected, admired, and obeyed. • In addition, “Papa” dovetailed with Hemingway’s reputation as a rough-and-tumble outdoorsman and adventurer.
In His Writing • In The Sun Also Rises , he uses Jake, Mike, Robert, and Romero all as examples of men who are less than perfect, especially in their relationships with Brett • By showing their flaws in the men's interactions with Brett, he constructs an ideal of masculinity without explicitly describing it. • Hemmingway shows that a masculine man is not like Robert Cohn because he is inferior and shy. • He also shows his masculinity by the way he writes; he gets straight to the point and doesn’t beat around the bush.
Their Past Defines their present • Both Brett and Jake suffer as a result of the war. • Brett loses the love of her life in the war due to dysentery. • Jake has also been injured in the war. Although we are not told exactly what his injury is, we assume that it is something very serious and difficult to deal with. • Brett and Jake can relate to each other really well because of both of their losses due to the war. The aftermath of the war on their own personal level prevents them from living normal lives.
Is the love mutual? • It is obvious that Jake truly loves Brett and wants to be with her. • He is constantly showing his care for her in each action that he makes regarding Brett. • Although Brett may love the man that he is, she knows that she cannot be with him because Jake will not be able to satisfy her as she pleases.
How do they treat each other? • Brett comes to Jake for support when she needs it. She takes advantage of him in this way. After a rough day Brett will be seen going to Jake to discuss her troubles and how to get over them. • Brett doe not seem to do anything in return to help Jake with anything. Instead, she just lets him down even more by talking about her affairs with other men. • Jake knows that Brett cannot love him the same way that she “loves” all these other men and this saddens him. His deteriorating self-esteem is fed by Brett and her actions.
In the end… • Ultimately, their love for each other is inevitable. Brett does really love Jake and Jake really does love Brett. • However, they cannot be together. Brett knows that she can not be satisfied with Jake and she tells him that. Jake feels like there is no hope for their future together. • This situation expresses to the readers that even if two people really do love each other, they might not be able to work out. This is a hard situation to be in because no matter how hard you try to work it out, the attempts fail.
Early Life • Born into a wealthy family on February 3, 1874 in Pennsylvania. • She studied at various school, including Radcliffe College, Johns Hopkins, and worked in the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts. • Moved to Paris in 1903 and began her work with writers and artists alike.
Her Writings • She experimented with the English language instead of writing common fiction. • Used cubist writing which was based on rhythm, rhyme and repetition instead of a sense making plot. • Her writing style is a mix of stream-of-consciousness and clear rhythm. • Her most popular works include Tender Buttons, The Makings of Americans, and Three Lives.
Rue de Fleurus • Stein’s salon in the 20’s; private gallery of modern art. • She owned it with Alice Toklas, her lifelong lover and secretary. • Meeting point for discussions on modernism with Picasso, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, ect. • Provided the material for Stein’s first real successful work, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.
Her Influence • She worked with a multitude of artists, including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and writers including Ernest Hemingway and James Joyce. • Many believe her influence on twentieth-century writing was far greater than the success of her own writing. • She was a combination of a mentor, critic, and guru for everyone who sought her out.
“I wrote some pretty good poems lately in Rhyme. We love Gertrude Stein” ~Ernest Hemingway
What is The Lost Generation? The Lost Generation is the generation reaching maturity during and just after World War I, an unfulfilled generation coming to maturity during a period of instability. In literal terms, the Lost Generation is a term used to refer to a collective group of artists and writers who settled in Europe. This generation is referred to as 'lost' not because it has faded from memory, but because the individuals often expressed a sense of emotional confusion, lost in their own society.
Une Generation Perdue • Gertrude Stein first used this term in France to describe the skills of young auto-mechanic workers. The garage owner stated that these men in their 20s and 30s were lost, "the lost generation"
Writers • The best known writers among The Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby) and Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises)
How The Sun Rises • The Sun Also Rises is an exemplary model of a marriage between the lost generation, for Barnes and Ashley adhere only to their own moral codes and agendas-much of which summarizes the modernistic ideals behind the lost generation movement. • The use of expatriation in Hemingway's novel ties into the lost generation's mentality and people who were intently involved with the lost generation movement (as it relates to the culture and setting of life in Paris) are often termed "expatriates."
The Great Gatsby • The Great Gatsby is an early example of the modern techniques of the Lost Generation, illustrating a type of jumbled symbolism in the first image of Gatsby and in the description of the "valley of ashes.”
