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( 神经组织 )

Chapter 7 nervous tissue. ( 神经组织 ). Objective:. To understand. Which tissue can receives, transmits, and integrates information from outside and inside the body to control the activities of the body? Which kind of cell can perceive and think and dream?.

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( 神经组织 )

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  1. Chapter 7 nervous tissue (神经组织)

  2. Objective: To understand Which tissue can receives, transmits, and integrates information from outside and inside the body to control the activities of the body? Which kind of cell can perceive and think and dream? What structure and function of the nerve cell ?

  3. nervous tissue nervous system CNS PNS Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System brain and spinal cord. outside the brain and spinal cord

  4. Components: neuron—receive, transmit and integrate information .conduct the nerve impulse neuroglia—support , protect and insulate , nourish neurons

  5. Neuron (神经元) • The structural and functional basic unit of NS • consists of cell body, dendrite andaxon • cell body (perikaryon) • (1) cell membrane: • proteins-ions channel(离子通道) • receptor (受体) • receive stimuli, initiate and conduct nerve impulse 1. The Structure of neuron

  6. (2).nucleus: large,round, light (euchromatic )with clear nucleolus (3).Cytoplasm： LM: Nissl bodies(尼氏体） (basophilic masses) EM：RER and free ribosome synthesize structural proteins enzymes neurotransmitters (酶) (神经递质)

  7. other organelle oGolgi bodies SER Mitochondria. pigment Neurofibril(神经原纤维): LM: dark brown thread network(silver preparation), EM:microtubules and filaments cytoskeletal elements (C骨架) support transportation

  8. processes （突起） dendrite axon （轴突） （树突） 2).

  9. (1)dendrite（树突）each with numerous branches. structure: similar to cell body dendritic spines, (树突棘) (each the site of one synapse) function: receive the information Nerve signals travel along dendrites toward the cell body.

  10. Characteristics of The Dendrites 1A nerve cell typically hasseveral dendrites, each with numerous branches. 2.The diameter of dendrites typically decreases away from the cell body, so that dendrites tapering gradually to fine twigs. 3.Dendrites typically receive synaptic contacts from axons of many other nerve cells. 4.Nerve signals travel along dendrites toward the cell body.

  11. (2).axon(轴突) few branches The axon is the "transmitting" process of the neurone axon hillock (轴丘): the beginning part of axon lacks Nissl body axolemma (轴膜) axoplasm have microtubule, neurofilament, microfilament, Mito, SER and vesicle (transportation) function: conduct the impulse

  12. axonal transports: (轴突运输)： （1） slow anterograde:(慢速)： perikaryon （ microfilament,neurofilament,microtubule） the ends of axon (轴突终末) （2） fast anterograde:(快速顺向） perikaryon Pr,E,synaptic vesicles axonal terminal （3） fast retrograde:(快速逆向)： axonal terminal (metabolic products, intaking materials ） perikaryon

  13. Characteristics of The axon Theaxon is a process which is specialized for conducting signals from one nerve cell to another. The diameter of an axon is uniform along its entire length. The terminal branches of an axon make synaptic contacts onto other nerve cells (or with peripheral effectors, i.e. muscles and glands). Nerve signals travel along axons away from the cell body and toward synapses at the axonal terminal.  Each nerve cell has one and only one axon. Typical axons have relatively few branches, except near the terminal end.

  14. 2. Classification of neuron 1)According to number of processes ① multipolar neuron 多极神经元 ② bipolar neuron 双极神经元 ③ pseudounipolar neuron假单极神经元

  15. 2).According to function ①sensory neuron 感觉神经元（Afferent） Convey sensory information into the CNS ② motor neuron运动神经元（efferent ） convey information out from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. ③ interneuron中间神经元:(Association neuron联络) 信息加工和传递

  16. ●Reflex arc sense receptors sensory neuron CNS motor neuronEffector (interneuron)

  17. 3)According to length of axon ① Golgi type I neuron: long axon and large c 高尔基Ⅰ型神经元：有长轴突(1米以上) 大N元 ② Golgi type II neuron: short axon 高尔基Ⅱ型神经元：有短轴突(几微米)的小N元

  18. 4) According to the neurotransmitter or neuromodulator release by the neuron 按神经递质和调质的化学性质分类： ① cholinergic neuron胆碱能神经元（乙酰胆碱） ②去甲肾上腺素能神经元（去甲肾上腺素） ③ aminergic neuron胺能神经元（多巴胺、5-羟色胺） ④ aminoacidergic neuron氨基酸能神经元（Υ-氨基丁酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸） ⑤ peptidergic neuron肽能神经元（神经肽：脑啡肽、Ｐ物质、神经降压素） 一氧化氮（NO）也是一种神经递质

  19. 3. synapse 突触 ·are points of contact between nerve cells ( between axon terminals and dendrites), where signals are transmitted from one cell to another.

  20. synapse between neurons or neuron and non-nerve cells axon terminals dendrites ,axon terminalsspines axon terminals cell body classification: chemical synapse(化学性突触) electrical synapse电突触 gap junction 电信号

  21. 突触高倍（银染） Synapse

  22. structure of chemical synapse:化学性突触 based on neurotransmitters, secreted by one cell and binding to another. (以神经递质作为传递信息的媒介) EM：presynaptic element突触前成分 突触前膜 presynaptic membrane synapse vesicle:( neurotransmitters）突触小泡（N递质） synapsin (小泡面Pr—突触素) Mitomicrotubule, microfilament

  23. synaptic cleft: 15-30nm 突触间隙 Postsynaptic element突触后成分 postsynaptic membrane突触后膜, Receptors 受体 Classification of chemical synapse:According to function: excitatory synapse inhibitory synapse

  24. 微管 微丝 线粒体

  25. 本章重点 • The components of the nerve tissue • NT的构成 • The characteristics of neuron • 神经元的LM与EM结构特点,功能及分类 • The structures of the chemical synapse • 化学性突触EM结构.

  26. Practice Quiz Each slide will be shown for 1 minute. There will be two questions per slide.

  27. Identify structures at the green arrows Nissl bodies Identify structures at the red arrows axon hillock

  28. Name the stain used to visualize the structures in question silver silver Identify structures at the green arrows Neurofibril

  29. Identify the tissue Nervous Identify the granules at the blue arrows. pigment granules

  30. Identify the structures at the green arrows. synapse Describe the tissue stain method

  31. 神经胶质细胞（neuroglial cell） Astrocyte: 星形胶质细胞： 绝缘，信息传递的专一性 oligodendrocyte 少突胶质细胞 microglia 小胶质细胞

  32. （一）CNS的神经胶质c 1、 Astrocyte脚板 胶质界膜（在脑和脊髓表面） 胶质膜(Cap表面) end feet form glia limitans or vascular feet-constitute blood brain barrier • fibrous astrocytes • 纤维性…: 位于白质. protoplasmic astrocyte 原浆性…: 位于灰质

  33. function: • supporting, insulating and repairing • ii. regulate the environment and movement of neuron • iii. secret neurotrophic factor: nerve growth factor, NGF, ciliary neurotrophic factor, CNTP and glial cell line-drived neurotrophic factor, GDNF 功能： 支持和绝缘 分泌神经营养因子 构成血脑屏障

  34. （blood-brain barrier）血脑屏障： 血液与脑组织间的屏障，阻止血液中某些物质进入脑组织。选择性允许营养和代谢产物通过，维持脑内环境稳定. 组成：连续Cap内皮 基膜 神经胶质膜

  35. 2、 oligodendrocyte少突胶质细胞 小、核卵圆形、突起少 是CNS的髓鞘形成C 髓轴 轴突 少突胶质细胞

  36. 3、 microglia小胶质细胞 ：最小 具有吞噬作用 NS的巨噬C 4、室管膜细胞： 产生脑脊液

  37. 三种胶质细胞光镜图 (镀银染色)左图为少突胶质细胞,右上为小胶质细胞,右下示星形胶质细胞

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