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Waves, Light & Quanta

Waves, Light & Quanta. Tim Freegarde. Web Gallery of Art; National Gallery, London. . Young’s double slit diffraction. x. amplitude. intensity. . amplitude. Single slit diffraction. x. intensity. Diffraction grating. x. place secondary sources along wavefront.

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Waves, Light & Quanta

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  1. Waves, Light & Quanta Tim Freegarde Web Gallery of Art; National Gallery, London

  2. Young’s double slit diffraction x amplitude intensity

  3. amplitude Single slit diffraction x intensity

  4. Diffraction grating x • place secondary sources along wavefront • ...and trigger when wavefront arrives • apply to sinusoidal waves by taking into account the phase with which components arrive INTERFERENCE • combine by adding the amplitudes • contributions may therefore interfere constructively or destructively

  5. scope.pari.edu Grating spectrometer

  6. Michelson interferometer δx • interference by division of amplitude beamsplitter detector source 6

  7. Michelson interferometer δx δx • interference by division of amplitude beamsplitter detector source 7

  8. δx δx • interference by division of amplitude Michelson interferometer beamsplitter detector • FTIR: Fourier transform infrared source chemistry.oregonstate.edu optique-ingenieur.org • sodium doublet

  9. www.sciencebuddies.org Newton’s rings beam-splitter diffuser lens plate • apply to sinusoidal waves by taking into account the phase with which components arrive • combine by adding the amplitudes • contributions may therefore interfere constructively or destructively

  10. Michelson stellar interferometer x intensity

  11.    Michelson stellar interferometer

  12. Michelson stellar interferometer Mount Wilson Observatory www.mwoa.org

  13. degree of coherence • complex degree of coherence NON-POINT OBJECTS • many independent emitters, e.g. different atoms in star • spatial extent (angular width) determines fringe visibility • partial visibility when phase difference partially defined Coherence • coherence is a measure of extent to which the phase difference is known • (approximate expression – requires complex numbers)

  14. RAYS • straight propagation paths • least time (Fermat’s principle) focus • reflection, refraction, lenses, telescopes, microscopes Light and optics directrix WAVES • Huygens’ description of propagation, reflection, refraction • polarization, colour (wavelength, frequency) • diffraction, interference, beats, interferometers • Maxwell’s electromagnetism, Einstein’s relativity PHOTONS • Planck, Compton, Einstein

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