Dark Energy from variation of the fundamental scale

1. Dark Energy from variation of thefundamental scale

2. What is our universe made of ? fire , air, water, soil ! quintessence !

3. Dark Energy dominates the Universe Energy - density in the Universe = Matter + Dark Energy 25 % + 75 %

4. Matter : Everything that clumps Abell 2255 Cluster ~300 Mpc

5. Dark Energy density isthe same at every point of space “ homogeneous “ No local force –“ In what direction should it draw ? “

6. What is Dark Energy ? Cosmological Constant or Quintessence ?

7. Quintessence and solution of cosmological constant problem should be related !

8. Cosmological Constant- Einstein - • Constant λ compatible with all symmetries • No time variation in contribution to energy density • Why so small ? λ/M4 = 10-120 • Why important just today ?

9. Cosm. Const. | Quintessence static | dynamical

10. challenge • explain why Dark Energy goes to zero asymptotically , • not to a constant !

11. Ωm + X = 1 Ωm : 25% Ωh : 75% Dark Energy ?

12. Time dependent Dark Energy :Quintessence • What changes in time ? • Only dimensionless ratios of mass scales are observable ! • V : potential energy of scalar field or cosmological constant • V/M4 is observable • Imagine the Planck mass M increases …

13. Fundamental mass scale • Unification fixes parameters with dimensions • Special relativity : c • Quantum theory : h • Unification with gravity : fundamental mass scale ( Planck mass , string tension , …)

14. Fundamental mass scale • Fixed parameter or dynamical scale ? • Dynamical scale Field • Dynamical scale compared to what ? momentum versus mass ( or other parameter with dimension )

15. Cosmon and fundamental mass scale • Assume all mass parameters are proportional to scalar field χ (GUTs, superstrings,…) • Mp~ χ , mproton~ χ , ΛQCD~ χ , MW~ χ ,… • χ may evolve with time :cosmon • mn/M : ( almost ) constant - observation! Only ratios of mass scales are observable

16. Example : Field χ is connected to scale of transition from higher dimensional physics to effective four dimensional description in theory without fundamental mass parameter (except for running of dimensionless couplings…)

17. theory without explicit mass scale • Lagrange density:

18. realistic theory • χ has no gauge interactions • χ is effective scalar field after “integrating out” all other scalar fields

19. Dilatation symmetry • Lagrange density: • Dilatation symmetry for • Conformal symmetry for δ=0

20. Dilatation anomaly • Quantum fluctuations responsible for dilatation anomaly • Running couplings:hypothesis • Renormalization scale μ: ( momentum scale ) • λ~(χ/μ) –A • E > 0 : crossover Quintessence

21. Asymptotic behavior of effective potential • λ ~ (χ/μ) –A • V ~ (χ/μ) –A χ4 V~ χ4–A crucial : behavior for large χ !

22. Dilatation anomaly and quantum fluctuations • Computation of running couplings ( beta functions ) needs unified theory ! • Dominant contribution from modes with momenta ~χ ! • No prejudice on “natural value “ of anomalous dimension should be inferred from tiny contributions at QCD- momentum scale !

23. Asymptotic behavior of effective potential V~ χ4–A e.g. V~ χ2 or V~ const. crucial : behavior for large χ !

24. Cosmology Cosmology : χ increases with time ! ( due to coupling of χ to curvature scalar ) for large χ the ratio V/M4 decreases to zero Effective cosmological constant vanishes asymptotically for large t !

25. Asymptotically vanishing effective “cosmological constant” • Effective cosmological constant ~ V/M4 • λ ~ (χ/μ) –A • V ~ (χ/μ) –A χ4 • M = χ V/M4 ~(χ/μ) –A

26. Weyl scaling Weyl scaling : gμν→ (M/χ)2 gμν , φ/M = ln (χ4/V(χ)) Exponential potential : V = M4 exp(-φ/M) No additional constant !

27. Without dilatation – anomaly : V= const. Massless Goldstone boson = dilaton Dilatation – anomaly : V (φ ) Scalar with tiny time dependent mass : cosmon

28. quantum fluctuations and naturalness • Jordan- and Einstein frame completely equivalent on level of effective action and field equations ( after computation of quantum fluctuations ! ) • Treatment of quantum fluctuations depends on frame : Jacobian for variable transformation in functional integral • What is natural in one frame may look unnatural in another frame

29. quantum fluctuations and frames • Einstein frame : quantum fluctuations make zero cosmological constant look unnatural • Jordan frame : quantum fluctuations are at the origin of dilatation anomaly; • key ingredient for solution of cosmological constant problem !

30. fixed points and fluctuation contributions of individual components If running couplings influenced by fixed points: individual fluctuation contribution can be huge overestimate ! here : fixed point at vanishing quartic coupling and anomalous dimension V~ χ4–A it makes no sense to use naïve scaling argument to infer individual contribution V~ h χ4

31. Exponential cosmon potential Exponential potential : V = M4 exp(-φ/M)

32. Cosmic Attractors Solutions independent of initial conditions typically V~t -2 φ ~ ln ( t ) Ωh ~ const. details depend on V(φ) or kinetic term early cosmology

33. partial solution of cosmological constant problem Ωh ~ const. Dark Energy and Matter of similar size !

34. Energy density ρ ~ ( 2.4×10 -3 eV )- 4 Reduced Planck mass M=2.44×1018GeV Newton’s constant GN=(8πM²) Cosmological mass scales Only ratios of mass scales are observable ! homogeneous dark energy: ρh/M4 = 6.5 10ˉ¹²¹ matter: ρm/M4= 3.5 10ˉ¹²¹

35. Time evolution tˉ² matter dominated universe tˉ3/2 radiation dominated universe • ρm/M4 ~ aˉ³ ~ • ρr/M4 ~ aˉ4~ t -2radiation dominated universe Huge age small ratio Same explanation for small dark energy?

36. Quintessence Dynamical dark energy , generated by scalarfield (cosmon) C.Wetterich,Nucl.Phys.B302(1988)668, 24.9.87 P.J.E.Peebles,B.Ratra,ApJ.Lett.325(1988)L17, 20.10.87

37. Prediction : homogeneous dark energyinfluences recent cosmology- of same order as dark matter - Original models do not fit the present observations …. modifications

38. realistic quintessence fraction in dark energy has to increase in “recent time” !

39. Crossover Quintessence ( like QCD gauge coupling) critical χ where δ grows large critical φ where k grows large k²(φ )=δ(χ)/4 k²(φ )= “1/(2E(φc – φ)/M)” ifj c≈ 276/M ( tuning ! ) : this will be responsible for relative increase of dark energy in present cosmological epoch

40. Realistic cosmology Hypothesis on running couplings yields realistic cosmology for suitable values of A , E , φc

41. Quintessence becomes important “today”

42. many models…

43. the quintessence of Quintessence Cosmon – Field φ(x,y,z,t) similar to electric field , but no direction ( scalar field ) may be fundamental or composite (effective) field Homogeneous und isotropic Universe : φ(x,y,z,t)=φ(t) Potential und kinetic energy of the cosmon -field contribute to a dynamical energy density of the Universe !

44. Cosmon • Scalar field changes its value even in the present cosmological epoch • Potential und kinetic energy of cosmon contribute to the energy density of the Universe • Time - variable dark energy : ρh(t) decreases with time !

45. Cosmon • Tiny ( time varying ) mass • mc ~ H • New long - range interaction

46. “Fundamental” Interactions Strong, electromagnetic, weak interactions On astronomical length scales: graviton + cosmon gravitation cosmodynamics

47. Dynamics of quintessence • Cosmon j: scalar singlet field • Lagrange density L = V + ½ k(φ)¶j ¶j (units: reduced Planck mass M=1) • Potential : V=exp[-j] • “Natural initial value” in Planck era j=0 • today: j=276

48. kinetial Small almost constant k : • Small almost constant Ωh Large k : • Cosmon dominated universe ( like inflation )

49. Why has quintessence become important “now” ? Doran,…

50. coincidence problem What is responsible for increase of Ωh for z < 10 ?