Water Resource Management in Rwanda “ Everybody's business”

1. Water Resource Management in Rwanda“Everybody's business” Rwanda Water Partnership 25 April 2012

2. Trends in Rwanda • Increased demand (irrigation/drinking) • Ecological degradation (erosion, deforestation) • Flooding • Drought • Water contamination (mines, agro-chemicals) >Use>Competition>Water stress Title

3. Game changer • Climate change Title

4. Global warming

5. Climate Agriculture Salud Health • Increasing temperature • Changing rain patterns • Flooding • Droughts • Extreme weather events • Sea level rise • Erosion of soil and nutrients • Changing agronomic conditions • Changing crops • Different insects • Spreading of tropical diseases: dengue, malaria, colera, yellow fever • Respiratory and cardiac deseases Consequences

6. Climatewater- and foodsecurity Minimum of 5 litres de water/day A minimumfordrinking , cooking, washing50 lts. But, oneperson in theEEUU uses between250 y 300 lts/dayfor personal use and garden

7. Climatewater and foodsecurity Itis more: One ha of wheat consumes between 5 y 16 millonslts (dependingonclimate and tecnologicallevel) 1 yoghurt= 300 lt. 1 bread = 40 lt. 1hamburger= 2,300 lt.

8. How many people are facing Food insecurity in Rwanda today? Situation has improved since 2006 Currently: 1.9 million people live in households that are either food insecure (0.4 million) or at risk of becoming food insecure (1.5 million) should one or more shocks occur

9. Climatechange and human development Poor familieshavedevelopedcreativestrategiesto cope withclimatechange Itis vital toincreasefocusonadaptationclimatechange However, thecurrentrate of CC createshighrisks and vulnerabilities.

10. Vulnerability to climate change • Vulnerable livelihoods • Low income agriculturalists (24% of total hh) • Agro laborers (19%) • Marginal livelihoods (4%) • Refugees living in camps • People living with HIV aids • Other vulnerable households Title

11. Rwanda climate change assessment (REMA) Title

12. Rwanda Low carbon and adaptation strategy Title

13. Why IWRM? Water is essential for socio-economic development • Future threats of high losses through • Water insecurity • More floods and erosion • droughts Title

14. What is IWRM? IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems (GWP).

15. IWRM components

16. Integration of what? • Hydrological components: catchment, sources, surface and ground water, access, uses, distribution, quantity y quality. • Water soil and environment: processes of erosion, degradation, biodiversity. • Water-soil-ecosystem and socio- economic-cultural system: landuse planning, economic functions, other human activities. • Institutional integration. Dialogue between multiple actors, social arrangements, norms, conflict resolution, knowledge, and capacities. Title

17. Macro Waterbasin National-international Meso Catchment DistrictProvince Watershed /Micro watershed Sector, Municipality Hydrological and administrative scales Title

18. So, is integrality a luxury or reality? Farmers Erosion Irrigation Tourism Water supply Waste water Industry Flooding

19. Integrated water management nice but … A former employer said: • “If you want a something not to be realized: you tell them it should be more integral” • “Integrality is nice for philosophic deliberations but not apt for practical action”

20. IWRM partial and IWRM complete Complete IWRM • Based in legislative and institutional reform and intersectoral implementation (long term, political) Partial IWRM • Based on individual and institutional actions within the catchment applying the WRM principles (practical, immediate) Title

21. 1 Production of raw water 2 Potabilization Distribution 3 Service / use 4 Waste-water Sewage 5 Recycling IWRM and WASH: Integrated water chain Conventional water service Partial IWRM in WASH

22. IWRM in Water Sanitation and Hygiene 1 Rawwater, 2 Purification Distribution 3Service / use 4Waste water 5Recycling • Sustainable, equitable access • Service provision • Payment • Multiple uses Water source, catchment, INtersectoral distribution (agriculture, drinking water etc), Long term planning Water balance • .Collection • Evacuation, drainage • Costs of collection • Treatment • Recycling • Reintegration in nature system • Nutrients • Economic activities related to waste water • Methane capture • Purification tecnology • Operation & maintenance Sustainable WASH services

23. Private companies: spare parts; polluters Tourism companies Regulator Farmers IWRM and WASH (Cluster) Value creation: economic, social, environmental Knowledge centres Universities, vocational training Social organizations NGO´s Treatment & recycling- Service / use Production of raw water Waste water Government (policies) Catchment financial services

24. SNV Experience Bolivia: National Catchment Management Plan • Catchmentconsidered as living space. • Implementationbasedon: action, research, learning. • Promotion of waterusersorganizations and regional platforms, with horizontal and vertical linkages. • Mainchallenge: politicalinterference. Strongneedfordecisionframeworkwithagreed rules and processsteps. Title

25. SNV experience Zimbabwe: set up catchment councils • Catchment Councils to safeguard users’ equitable access to- and sustainable management of fresh surface water and groundwater resources. • Joint analysis and planning of Water Resources Development and Management. • Main challenge: intercultural communication. How to manage disparate users with different sub cultures and disparate interest (large farmers, peasant communities, city, industry, parks,) Title

26. Hydrological space for the people of Rwanda • hydrographical network (2km/km2) • Two hydrographical basins: The Nile basin and the Congo basin

27. Rwanda WRM strategy: The Mission • The mission of the Government in the management of water resources is to ensure protection, conservation, restoration and rational use of water resources to meet the country’s medium and long term socio-economic development goals. Title

28. WRM strategy: The principles • Economic value • Social value • Environmental value • Water is a finite resource • Water is human right • Water resource is an economic good • Water is a social good • Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) • Participatory management • Catchment-based water resources management • Impacts of climate change on the water resource • Internationally shared water resources Title

29. And now IWRM actions! • Awareness raising? • Information gathering? • Building water reservoirs? • Forestry? • Organization? • Low carbon economy? Title

30. Lead questions • How to increase the participation and involvement of the stakeholders in implementation of IWRM at all levels. • How to improve the coordination of the various interventions national and local level. • How to enhance the resilience of our communities to water stress and climate change. Title

31. Useful sites for information Rwanda institutional/policy WRM framework RNRA http://www.minirena.gov.rw/spip.php?article135 (Old version of water law. No WRM strategy) IWRM GWP for theory about IRWM and toolbox. • www.gwp.org • IRC for partial IWRM • www.irc.nl Climate change www.unep.org/climatechange/ Climate change assessment and low carbon strategy of Rwanda • Remawww.rema.gov.rw • FAO Title

32. SNV Water team • Beatrice Mukasine (bmukasine@snvworld.org), • Richard Nyirishema (rnyirishema@snvworld.org), • Michiel Verweij (mverweij@snvworld.org) Title

33. Towards IWRM through collaboration and partnerships Kigali 25th April 2012