America's Late 19th Century: Industrialization, Immigration, and Migration

1. Chapter Overview Bravo Class!

2. What we have covered • We have studied 3 facets of U.S. History during the late 19th century • Industrialization • Migration from rural to urban areas • Immigration • Study this power point and be ready to debate the issue when answering the question, “Was America the land of opportunity?”

3. Overview • Industrialization brought: • Big Business which brought: • Wide spread railroad expansion and use • People in search of opportunities and a better life. • Immigration • Rural(country)-to-Urban(city) Migration • People moved to the cities in search of work • Cities became overcrowded • People needed help so they were in need of social reforms, religion, new politics, labor unions, and new laws to protect their rights. • Farming communities suffered because of the move away from farms

4. Industrialization • Industrialization brought: • Railroads • Made of Steel • Steel made of iron ore • Migration from farms to Cities • Business Growth/Big Business • Captains of Industry • One owned steel company! • Created Monopolies because they wanted more money and power • Called for laws to control/new politics • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Interstate Commerce Act • People of all races • Immigrants, Asians, African Americans • Labor Unions • Haymarket Affair

5. Immigration • Immigration brought: • Cultures from Asia, Southern and Eastern Europe • Need for dealing with increase in Asian population. • Chinese Exclusion Act • Increased population in the cities • Increased need for controlled sanitation • The Jungle was written because of the poor conditions of meat factories. • The book forced the law to change and resulted in the Meat Inspection Act.

6. Migration • Migration from farms to cities brought: • African American people to the cities. • Immigrants to the cities • Fear of different races of people. • Chinese Exclusion Act • Jim Crow Laws(Ida Wells) • Disfranchisement of Blacks • Segregation in cities • Need for workers who were trained and educated. • Americanization • Lack of Educational Opportunities for African Americans. (W.E.B. Dubois, Booker T. Washington, George Washington Carver) • Farming communities suffered Creating ‘populist’ party • City people losing hope • Call for social reform/social gospel to give hope • D.L. Moody • Salvation Army • YMCA

7. Transcontinental Railroads/Mining Towns Key Points: • Mining was not just for gold • Lead, Silver, Copper, Ore too! • These mining companies sold to steel companies. • Steel companies were owned by the Captains of Industry • Mining conditions were horrible! • Mining brought “boomtowns” • What do you think they were?

8. Boomtown

9. Other key points about mining • Mining brought wealth • Wealth brought the railroads • Railroads brought the farmers and the ranchers to the city.

10. Transcontinental Railroads • Advantages • Mining companies could ship raw materials to factories. • Manufacturers(factories) shipped finished products through the country. • What do you think were the result of these advantages? • Who were the miners?/Who were the factories?/Who bought the finished products?

11. Where did the money come from? • The banks made loans to the manufacturers (factories). • 2 of the Captains of Industry were bankers.

12. Why migrate West? • Homestead Act 1862 • Gave public land to people free or at a low cost. • Americans and Immigrants migrated west. • Gold, Coal, and Iron because the new industries were using them!

13. Captains of Industry • Andrew Mellon- banker • Andrew Carnegie – steel industry • J.P. Morgan – Financier (merged with Carnegie to form U.S. Steel) • John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil • They were realists –LIVE LIFE TO THE FULLEST! • Who benefitted from the Railroad Industry/Why?

14. All of them! • Mellon- Banker • Companies need money to operate • Andrew Carnegie • He vertically integrated a small company • He bought all the companies that produced the products needed to make steel and well as the companies that produced shipped and sold it.

15. Captains of Industry • John D. Rockefeller • Factories need oil to run their machines and to ship goods. • He horizontally integrated his businesses. • He bought all the oil companies! • He created the first monopoly or trust.

16. Things they had in common • Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest • Laissez- faire – “leave it alone” • Entrepreneurs • Started their own business • Philanthropists • Donate lots of money to “good” causes.

17. Laborers and Labor Unions • No wealth for them. • Over crowded cities • No education for their children • Poor sanitation

18. The Jungle • Written by Upton Sinclair in 1906 • Main character, Jurgis Rudkus, is an immigrant worker in a Chicago meatpacking district. • Jurgis has a tragic life! • Sinclair, details the conditions of the unsanitary conditions (Tuberculosis) • The Jungle catches the eye of President Roosevelt. • Investigators find Sinclair’s description accurate. • Congress then passed the Meat Inspection Act 1906 and the Bureau of Chemistry which became the Food and Drug Administration.

19. Haymarket Riot • U.S. Labor Unions set a general strike for an 8-hour work day. • Union workers McCormick Harvesting Machine Company were attacked by Pinkerton Guards (They worked for Carnegie to control Unions). • Strike Breakers crossed the picket lines and were attacked by strikers. • Police fired on the crowd and killed 2 workers • In response local anarchists called a rally in Haymarket Square. • Police ordered the rally to stop • A bomb was thrown at the police, shots were exchanged and many were killed. • It was suspected that Pinkerton threw the bomb force a response from the police and stop the strikers.

20. Social Gospel Movement • Massive migration to cities (Urbanization) • People needed help • Christians believed God was the answer • Developed Salvation Army, YMCA and settlement houses

21. African Americans during the Gilded Age • Booker T. Washington • Lived from 1856-1915 • The most influential black educator of the late 19th century. • Accepted racial subordination, disfranchisement and social segregation. • Blacks should be allowed to advance economically and educationally (vocation). • Disfranchisement • 15th amendment -blacks the right to vote. • To stop them from voting, all people were required to pay high poll taxes and read complicated laws.(disfranchisement.)

22. George Washington Carver • Lived from 1860-1943 • Inventor, Agricultural Chemist, Educator • Revolutionized agricultural but convincing farmers to plant peanuts, not cotton. • Developed over 325 uses for peanuts • Worked under Booker T. Washington at the Tuskegee Institute. • Also believed in disfranchisement of Blacks. • Education = Economic success

23. Other African Americans • Ida Wells – Led anti-lynching crusade in the 1890’s • Lynching • (of a mob) kill (someone), especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial. W.E.B Dubois 1868-1963 -pushed for the right to vote - co-founded NAACP - opposed Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise - Believed that Blacks should have equal rights “in every realm of a person’s life, not just a vocational (skill or trade) education.”