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X-Words

X-Words. They’re everywhere!. Communication…. Good Communication…. GC = SI. Bad Communication…. “What we got here is a failure to communicate!”. Communication. “Readers want our pages to look very much like pages they have seen before.” – Kurt Vonnegut. Communication in English:

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X-Words

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  1. X-Words They’re everywhere!

  2. Communication…

  3. Good Communication… GC = SI

  4. Bad Communication… “What we got here is a failure to communicate!”

  5. Communication “Readers want our pages to look very much like pages they have seen before.” – Kurt Vonnegut Communication in English: Requires an idea worth sharing AND Share it in a way that makes sense to readers

  6. Barriers to Clear Writing

  7. What can we do? X-word grammar is an attempt to address this problem. X-word grammar is a classroom application of sector analysis developed by linguist, Robert Allen.

  8. Patterns vs. Rules • It is not a prescriptive grammar, focusing on rules. • It’s a descriptive grammar making • observations about patterns of written English.

  9. What is an X-word? An X-word is any word that can begina Yes-No question in English.

  10. Your list should look something like this… HAVE DO BE MODAL have do am can could has does is shall should had did are will would was ought to must were might may

  11. Learn the X-Words

  12. Lesser Significance of Main Verbs In combination with x-words, the main verb occurs inonly 3 forms: base -ing 3rd form (D-T-N) Akiko can speak Spanish. Akiko is speaking Spanish. Akiko has spoken Spanish for many years.

  13. Find the X-words – Notice the Base • Adult students’ needs are constantly changing • Many students have worked all day. • The budgets are tight. • Students can focus better when routines are established. • Most classes involve guided discussion. • Teachers should allow “think time” for the students. • Has your class been a priority in your life? • She was teaching because she loved her job. • Commitment is modeled by the teacher. • A lesson doesn’t work out like we had planned. Commitment Creativity Flexibility Humility Listening Motivation Organization Patience Professionalism Sensitivity

  14. X-Words Combine with Main Verbs in Six Different Ways

  15. 3 Quick Review 7 12 • How many X-Words? • How many families? • How many main forms of the verb? • How many basic patterns? 6 21 5 Now…. 4 • How many jobs/uses of X-words?

  16. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish. • Peter is teaching grammar. • They have worked hard all year. • YES/NO QUESTIONS • NEGATIVE STATEMENTS • FIND THE SUBJECT • ADD MEANING • ADD TENSE/TIME • SHORT ANSWERS • TAG QUESTIONS

  17. Why are X-words significant for learners? • CanAkiko speak Spanish? • Is Peter teaching grammar? • Have they worked hard all year?

  18. Helpful Tool for Making Questions

  19. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish. • Peter is teaching grammar. • They have worked hard all year. • YES/NO QUESTIONS • NEGATIVE STATEMENTS • FIND THE SUBJECT • ADD MEANING • ADD TENSE/TIME • SHORT ANSWERS • TAG QUESTIONS

  20. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko cannotspeak Spanish. • Peter isnot teaching grammar. • They havenotworked hard all year.

  21. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish. • Peter is teaching grammar. • They have worked hard all year. • YES/NO QUESTIONS • NEGATIVE STATEMENTS • FIND THE SUBJECT • ADD MEANING • ADD TENSE/TIME • SHORT ANSWERS • TAG QUESTIONS

  22. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akikocan speak Spanish. • Peteris teaching grammar. • They have worked hard all year.

  23. Why are X-words significant for learners? • My friend Akikocan speak Spanish. • Peter’s grandfatheris teaching grammar. • The men at this site have worked hard all year.

  24. Why are X-words significant for learners? • My friend Akikocan usually speak Spanish. • Peter’s grandfatheris still teaching grammar. • The men at this sitehave never worked hard this year.

  25. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish. • Peter is teaching grammar. • They have worked hard all year. • YES/NO QUESTIONS • NEGATIVE STATEMENTS • FIND THE SUBJECT • ADD MEANING • ADD TENSE/TIME • SHORT ANSWERS • TAG QUESTIONS

  26. Why are X-words significant for learners? Akiko can speak Spanish. Akiko might speak Spanish. Akiko may speak Spanish. Akiko shouldspeak Spanish.

  27. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish. • Peter is teaching grammar. • They have worked hard all year. • YES/NO QUESTIONS • NEGATIVE STATEMENTS • FIND THE SUBJECT • ADD MEANING • ADD TENSE/TIME • SHORT ANSWERS • TAG QUESTIONS

  28. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish. Akiko couldspeak Spanish. 2. Peter isteaching grammar. Peter was teaching grammar. 3. They have worked hard all year. They hadworked hard all year.

  29. Why are X-words significant for learners? • CanAkiko speak Spanish? • IsPeter teaching grammar? • Have they worked hard all year? • YES/NO QUESTIONS • NEGATIVE STATEMENTS • FIND THE SUBJECT • ADD MEANING • ADD TENSE/TIME • SHORT ANSWERS • TAG QUESTIONS

  30. Why are X-words significant for learners? • CanAkiko speak Spanish? Yes, she can. • IsPeter teaching grammar? No, he is not. • Have they worked hard all year? Yes, they have.

  31. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish. • Peter is teaching grammar. • They have worked hard all year. • YES/NO QUESTIONS • NEGATIVE STATEMENTS • FIND THE SUBJECT • ADD MEANING • ADD TENSE/TIME • SHORT ANSWERS • TAG QUESTIONS

  32. Why are X-words significant for learners? • Akiko can speak Spanish, can’t she? • Peter is teaching grammar, isn’t he? • They have worked hard all year, haven’t they?

  33. Reviewing Basic Patterns Which of the six basic patterns is it?

  34. Group 1 • My brother can ride a unicycle. • She should take a grammar class. • I would like to study Chinese. MODAL + base Modals

  35. Group 2 • She is reading Things Fall Apart. • He was trying to help. • I am telling the truth. BE + -ing Progressive

  36. Group 3 • She has lived in East Lansing for three years. • Few of us had heard of x-words before. • They have decided to sell their house. HAVE + 3rd Perfect

  37. Group 4 • Two cars were stolen from the parking lot. • Our apartment was painted last week. • These shoes are made in the USA. BE + 3rd Passive

  38. Group 5 • I love my monkey. • He speaks four languages. • She lived in Haiti for many years. DO + base Simple

  39. Group 6 • She is a doctor. • He was absent. • We are happy. BE + (nothing) Strong Be!

  40. X-WORDS BASIC VERB PATTERNS MODAL + Base Modal HAVE + 3rd Form Perfect BE + ingProgressive BE + 3rd Form Passive DO + Base Simple BE (+ nothing) Descriptive

  41. How to Teach X-Words • Make a set of visual tools to use whenever the need pops up. languageguide.org

  42. Little by Little • Teach One Family • Memorize Family Members • Practice Making Questions and Negatives • Use Manipulative Word Cards • Answer Yes/No Questions • Change the meaning or time • Sing the List - Write the List • Match the Verb Forms with the X-Words • Make Negatives and Yes/No and Information ?

  43. With a Small Reading Passage • Find the X-Words in specified sentences • Change these sentences to yes/no and negatives • Box the subject • Make an information question

  44. Montgomery is the capital of the US state of Alabama. • The 2010 census ranked Montgomery as the second-largest city in Alabama. • The city was incorporated in 1819, as a merger of two towns on the Alabama River. • Montgomery has been a major site of events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. • Many military personnel are living in Montgomery from Maxwell Air Force Base. • Visitors may wish to tour the Hyundai Motor Manufacturing plant. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama

  45. With a Small Listening Passage • Make a scrambled sentence from the script. • Make a scrambled question from the script. • Make it… • Negative • Yes/No Question and Answer It. • Information Question. • Tag Question • Identify… • The X-word The Question Word • The X-Word’s job The Main Verb • The Subject Any Hidden X-Words

  46. Discovery – Combination Patterns Mathematical Combinations

  47. They should have finished the repairs yesterday. MODAL + base HAVE + 3rd MODAL + have + 3rd Modal Perfect

  48. You must be holding it wrong. MODAL + base BE + -ing MODAL + be + -ing Modal Progressive

  49. It will be cleaned tomorrow. MODAL + base BE + 3rd MODAL + be + 3rd Modal Passive

  50. She has been working overtime every night this week. HAVE + 3rd BE + -ing HAVE + been + -ing Perfect Progressive

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