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疾病的分布. Distribution of Disease. 哈尔滨医科大学流行病学教研室 Department of epidemiology , Harbin Medical University. What is Distribution of Disease ☆ When ☆ Where ☆ Who. INTRODUCTION. ?. 疾病的分布是指疾病的人群现象. 是描述疾病事件(发病、患病、死亡等) Time (时间) Place (空间) Person (人间) 在流行病学中简称 “ 三间分布 ”. Example.
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疾病的分布 Distribution of Disease 哈尔滨医科大学流行病学教研室 Department of epidemiology ,Harbin Medical University
What is Distribution of Disease☆When☆Where ☆Who INTRODUCTION ?
疾病的分布是指疾病的人群现象 是描述疾病事件(发病、患病、死亡等) Time (时间) Place (空间) Person(人间) 在流行病学中简称“三间分布”
Example • You have been asked to investigate an event in which 2,220 people were exposed and 1,520 of them died. • Your role as an epidemiologist is to ask questions about person, place and time.
Example • How do we ask questions?Surveys-of survivors--of other related persons
第一节疾病频率测量指标 第二节 疾病流行强度 第三节 疾病分布形式 Frequency of Disease Measurement Intensity of Epidemic Dimension distributions of disease Objectives
Directions: This chapter describes the basic measures of disease frequency used in epidemiologic research 第一节 疾病频率测量指标 Frequency of Disease Measurement
发病频率测量指标 患病频率测量指标 死亡频率测量指标 预期寿命及相关指标 • Morbidity frequency measures • Prevalencerelatedmeasures • Mortality frequency measures • Life expectancy relatedmeasures
一、发病指标 • 发病率(incidence) • 罹患率(attack rate) • 续发率(secondary attack rate)
定义 在一定期间内,一定人群中某病新发生的病例出现的频率。 Definition the rate of new cases of a disease in a specified population over a defined period 发病率(incidence) 一定期间内某人群中某病新病例数 发病率= —————————————————×K K=100%,1000/千,或10000/万 同时期暴露人口数
Incidence rate • Numerator New (incident) cases appearing during a time period (usually one year) • Denominator Average population during the time period Midpoint population estimate Cases per 10X per year Example: 234 per 100,000 per year
定义 在某一局限范围,短时间内的发病率。观察时间可以日、周、旬、月为单位。 Definition the proportion of a population affected by the disease during a prescribed, usually short, period of time. 罹患率(attack rate)
Incidence rate and attack rates • An outbreak of hepatitis A in Ajloon from March 1 to march 14 2000 had an attack rate of 25 per 1000 The yearly incidence rate of hepatitis A . in Ajloon is 238 per 100,000 per year How do you compare these rates?
Is their an outbreak?Incidence and attack rates compared 1. Adjust population to make rates comparable Divide 238 per 100,000 by 100 2.38 per 1000 per year 2. Adjust time period 2 weeks = 2/52 year 2.38 (2/52) = 0.11 0.11 per 1000 per 2 weeks << 25/1000
定义 指在某些传染病最短潜伏期到最长潜伏期之间,易感接触者中发病的人数占所有易感接触者总数的百分率。 Definition number of cases in the outbreak divided by the total number of susceptible population. 续发率(secondary attack rate) 潜伏期内易感接触者中发病人数 续发率=———————————————×100%易感接触者总人数
Secondary attack rate • Numerator Secondary cases (among persons defined as contacts) • Denominator All contacts at risk (exclude primary and coprimary cases)
二、患病指标 • 患病率(prevalence) • 感染率(infection rate) • 残疾率(prevalence of disability)
定义 某特定时间内一定人口中某病新旧病例所占比例。 the total number of cases of a specific disease in existence in a given population at a certain time . 时点患病率(point prevalence) 按观察时间 期间患病率(period prevalence) 患病率(prevalence)
某一时点一定人口中现患某病新旧病例数 时点患病率=×K 该时点人口数(被观察人数) 某观察期间一定人口中现患某病的新旧病例数 期间患病率= ×K 同期的平均人口数(被观察人数) K=100%,1000/千,或10000/万
Fig1. between the Incidence and prevalence of the relationship 流入 蓄水池
定义 某个时间内能检查的整个人口样本中,某病现有感染者人数所占的比例 Definition percentage of the population from which a specific infectious pathogen is isolated. 感染率(infection rate)
定义 某一人口中,在一定期间内每百(或千、万、十万)人中实际存在的残疾人数。即是指通过询问调查或健康检查,确诊的病残人数与调查人数之比。 残疾率=残疾人数/调查人数×K K=100%或1000/千 残疾率(prevalence of disability)
三、死亡指标 • 死亡率(mortality rate) • 病死率(case fatality rate) • 生存率(survival rate) • 累积率(cumulative rate)
定义 在一定期间内,一定人口中,死于某病(或死于所有原因)的频率。 Definition The number of deaths in the population divided by the average population (or the population at midyear) is the crude death rate. 死亡率(mortality rate) 某期间内(因某病)死亡总数 死亡率= ——————————————×K 同期平均人口数 K=100%,1000/千,或10000/万
Mortality frequency measures • Crude death rate • Crude mortality rate • Age-specific mortality rate • Sex specific mortality rate • Race specific mortality rate • Cause specific mortality rate • Combinations of specific mortality rates
定义 病死率是表示一定时期内,患某病的全部病人中因该病死亡者的比例 某时期内因某病死亡人数 病死率= ————————————×100% 同期患某病的人数 The proportion of individuals contracting a disease who die of that disease. 病死率(case fatality rate)
定义指接受某种治疗的病人或某病患者中,经若干年随访(通常为1、3、 5 年)后,尚存活的病人数所占的比例。 随访满n年尚存活的病例数 生存率= —————————————×100% 开始随访的病例数 The five-year survival rate is a term used in medicine for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease. 生存率(survival rate)
定义某一年龄以前发生或死于某种疾病的累积概率的大 小。累积率可由各年龄发病或死亡率相加获得。多用%表示 累积(死亡或发病)率 =[∑(年龄组(死亡或发病)专率×年龄距)]×100% 累积率(cumulative rate)
% Ischaemic heart disease 12.2 Cerebrovascular disease 9.7 Lower respiratory infections 7.1 COPD5.1 Diarrhoeal diseases 3.7 HIV/AIDS 3.5 Tuberculosis 2.5 Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 2.3 Road traffic accidents 2.2 Prematurity, low birth weight2.0 Table 1. Leading Causes of Mortality and Burden of Diseaseworld, 2004 Mortality
Table 1. Leading Causes of Mortality and Burden of Diseaseworld, 2004 DALYs % • Lower respiratory infections 6.2 • Diarrhoeal diseases 4.8 • Depression 4.3 • Ischaemic heart disease 4.1 • HIV/AIDS 3.8 • Cerebrovascular disease 3.1 • Prematurity, low birth weight 2.9 • Birth asphyxia, birth trauma 2.7 • Road traffic accidents 2.7 • Neonatal infections and other 2.7
(2003年中国卫生统计提要) Table2.
Table3. (2003年中国卫生统计提要)
Table4. (2003年中国卫生统计提要)
四、预期寿命指标 • 预期寿命(life expectancy) • 潜在减寿年数(PYLL) • 伤残调整寿命年(DALY)
预期寿命(average life expectancy) 定义X岁时的平均预期寿命表示x岁尚存活者预期尚能存活的年数
e å = PYLL a d i i = i 1 • 潜在减寿年数 • (potential years of life lost, PYLL) 定义指某年龄组人口因某病死亡者的预期寿命与实际死亡年龄之差的总和,即死亡所造成的寿命损失。。 预期寿命 某年龄组的死亡人数 剩余年龄 年龄组 ai= e-(i+0.5)
伤残调整寿命年 (disability adjusted life year, DALY) 定义指从发病到死亡所损失的全部健康寿命年 寿命损失年(YLL) 因早死所致 包括 健康寿命损失年(YLD)疾病所致残疾引起
某一时期内 某人群 死亡粗率 因所有原因死亡者 暴露人群 死亡专率 (某病死亡率) 发病率 (罹患率) 康复率 新发 某病患者 因某病死亡者 病死率 小结
第二节疾病流行强度 Intensity of Epidemic • 散发(sporadic) • 暴发(outbreak) • 流行(epidemic)
一、散发(sporadic) 定义指发病率呈历年的一般水平,各病例间在发病时间和地点方面无明显联系,散在发生。 Occurring irregularly, usually infrequently,occurring at random or by chance.
脊髓灰质炎 乙脑病毒 麻风
二、暴发(outbreak) 定义 指在一个局部地区或集体单位中,短时间内突然有很多相同的病人出现。 in epidemiology, the occurrence of infection with a particular disease in a small, localized group, such as the population of a village.
三、流行(epidemic) 定义 指某病在某地区显著超过该病历年发病率水平。其发病率水平超过该地一定历史条件下的流行水平时,称大流行。 The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community or region during a given time period. An epidemic (a sudden outbreak) that becomes very widespread and affects a whole region, a continent, or the world (pandemics).
第三节 疾病分布的形式 • 人群分布 • 时间分布 • 地区分布 • 疾病的人群、地区、时间分布的综合描述 Dimension distributions of disease • Population Distribution • Time Distribution • Regional Distribution • Disease populations, regions, time distribution of a comprehensive description
年 龄 性 别 职 业 种族 宗 教 婚姻与家庭 流动人口 Age gender Occupation ethnicity Religion Marriage and Family Floating Population 一、人群分布 Population Distribution
年龄与疾病之间的关联比其他因素的作用都强 随着年龄的增长,几乎大部分疾病的发生频率都显著变化 Correlation between age and disease, the role than other factors are stronger . Increase with age, almost the majority of diseases are a significant change in the frequency . 年龄(Age)
Fig2.Distribution of age at death and numbers of deaths, world, 2004