The Role of Automation in Revolutionizing Public Transportation

1. The Role of Automation in Revolutionizing Public Transportation Alain L. KornhauserProfessor, Operations Research & Financial EngineeringDirector, Program in Transportation Faculty Chair, PAVE (Princeton Autonomous Vehicle EngineeringFounder, ALK Technologies, Inc. Presented at Future of Road Vehicle Automation Irvine, CA July 26, 2012

2. Current State of Public Transport… http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/2010/pdf/entire.pdf, Table 1-37 • Not Good!: • Serves about 2% of all motorized trips • Passenger Miles (2007)*: • 2.640x1012 Passenger Car; • 1.927x1012 SUV/Light Truck; • 0.052x1012 All Transit; • 0.006x1012 Amtrak • Does a little better in “peak hour” and NYC • 5% commuter trips • NYC Met area contributes about half of all transit trips • Financially it’s a “train wreck”

3. Transit’s Fundamental Problem… 0.25 mi. • Transit is non-competitive to serve most travel demand • Travel Demand(desire to go from A to B in a time window DT) • A & B are walk accessible areas, typically: • Very large number of very geographically diffused {A,B} pairs • DT is diffused throughout the day with only modest concentration in morning and afternoon peak hours • The Automobile at “all” times Serves… • Essentially all {A,B} pairs demand-responsively within a reasonable DT • Transit at “few” times during the day Serves… • a modest number of A & B on scheduled fixed routes • But very few {A,B} pairs within a reasonable DT • Transit’s need for an expensive driver enables it to only offer infrequent scheduled fixed route service between few {A,B} pairs • But… Transit can become demand-responsive serving many {A,B} if the driver is made cheap and it utilizes existing roadway infrastructure.

4. Opportunities to Improve Transit through Automation

5. For Some Time… Automation has been Assisting Transit Drivers • Conventional Rail Transit (BART, Wash Metro, Lindenwold Line, etc.) • “block-based” longitudinal control system with human oversight (Automatic Train Operation (ATO)) • “Bus 2.0” GPS-based (Steering/Lateral-control) Driver Assistance System • Provides lateral-control assistance to buses operating on narrow freeway shoulders

6. Near-term Opportunities for MoreTransit-based Driver Assistance • General: All conventional rail systems, esp.inStreetLightRail • Testing of virtual longitudinal collision avoidance systems • Benefit: Enhanced safety • Specific: “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) • Currently: • Fleet of 3,000 buses use the XBL leading to the Lincoln Tunnel & 42nd Street PA Bus Terminal. • Unassisted practical capacity: 700 busses/hr (5.1 sec headway) • By adding Intelligent Cruise Control with Lane Assist to 3,000 buses… • e.g. Daimler Benz Distronic Plus with Traffic Jam Assist • Could achieve sustained 3.0 second headways • Increases practical throughput by 50% • from 700 -> 1,000 buses/hr; 35,000 -> 50,000 pax/hr • Increased passenger capacity comparable to what would have been provided by $10B ARC rail tunnel.

7. For Some Time… Automation has been Eliminating Transit Drivers • Elevators • Linear shuttles, No switches/network, No possibility of collisions • Need to shop at Tiffany’s on 57th street to enjoy a non-automated elevator • PeopleMovers in airports and a few cities • Linear shuttles or Loops or Very limited dedicated networks with • “block-based” virtual longitudinal control systems • guideway constrained switching/line-change and lateral control systems • Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) Systems at Morgantown, Heathrow and Masdar • More complicated dedicated networks with • “block-based” virtual longitudinal control systems • virtual vehicle-based switching/lane-change systems • guideway constrained lateral control systems • Autonomous Buses at La Rochelle (CyberCars/Cybus/INRIA) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72-PlSFwP5Y • Simple virtual non-exclusive roadway • Virtual vehicle-based longitudinal (collision avoidance) and lateral (lane keeping) systems

8. Near-term Opportunities for Driverless Transit • Specific: General Mobility for Fort Monmouth Redevelopment • Currently: Decommissioned Ft. Monmouth is vacant . • Ft. Monmouth Economic Revitalization Authority (FMERA) is redeveloping the 3 sq. mile “city” • Focus is on attracting high-tech industry • The “Fort” needs a mobility system. • TMEDA is receptive to incorporating an innovative mobility system • UlTra PRT or extgeneration “La Rochelle” system would be ideal • Because it is being redeveloped as a “new town” it can accommodate itself to be an ideal site for testing more advanced driverless systems.

9. Far-term Opportunities for Driverless Transit • Each year my students lay out a NJ-wide PRT network • Objective: to effectively serve essentially all NJ travel demand (all 30x106 daily non-walk trips) • Place “every” demand point within “1/4 mile walk” of a station; all stations interconnected; maintain existing NJ Transit Rail and express bus operations ) • Typically: • ~10,000 stations (> $25B) • ~10,000 miles of guideway (>$100B) • ~750,000 PRT vehicles (>$75B) • Optimistic cost: ~$200B

10. Far-term Opportunities for Driverless Transit • Biggest Issues • How to get started • How to evolve • Cost & complexity of guideway • What if ???? • Use existing streets automatedTaxi(aTaxi) • Curb-side aTaxi stands offering on-demand shared-ride services • Ability to get started and evolve to • ~10,000 aTaxi stands • ~750,000 aTaxis • Offering • peak hours: stand2stand shared aTaxi service • else: stand2stand shared services and door2door premium service

11. State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi) • Ability to serve essentially all NJ travel demand in • sharedRidemode during peak demand,with • premium door2door mode available during off peak hours • Shared ridership allows • Av. peak hour vehicle occupancies to ~3 persons/vehicle • Essentially all congestion disappears with appropriate implications on the environment • Requiredfleet-size under 1M aTaxis • (3.71 registered automobiles in NJ (2009)

12. Thank You