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Partitions

Partitions. Compartmentation One area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire rated materials System that creates self contained areas within a building. Definitions. Assembly, Construction

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Partitions

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  1. Partitions Compartmentation One area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire rated materials System that creates self contained areas within a building

  2. Definitions • Assembly, Construction The number of building materials used together to create a structure element • Assembly, Fire Rated Refers to all the parts that make up a rated assembly • Damper Device to restrict passage of flames in duct systems • Fire Barrier Continuous fire rated assembly (either vertical or horizontal).

  3. Definitions, Con’t • Fire Blocking Materials installed to resist the passage of fire to other areas of the building through concealed spaces. • Fire resistance Prevention or retarding the passage of excessive heat, hot gases, or flame. Resistance to fire exposure in hours or fraction of an hour. • Firestop Assembly to prevent spread of flame through penetrations in fire resistive assemblies • Smoke Barrier Continuous membrane (either vertical or horizontal) that restricts movement of smoke

  4. Fire Barriers The Actual Fire Rating Of The Wall Depends On: • The occupancy classification • The location of the wall • Sprinkler status

  5. Fire Barriers, con’t Three Types Fire Walls Highest fire ratings Usually part of building shell Party walls and occupancy separation walls Fire Separation Walls – Tenet separation walls Corridor separation walls Room separation Walls Floor/ Ceiling Assemblies Determined by construction type or occupancy classification

  6. Fire Barriers, con’t Fire Walls Provide continuous fire protection from the foundation to the roof Construction on one side is separated from failure of other side The most common rating – 3 to 4 hours Can be affected by occupancy classification

  7. Fire Barriers, con’t Occupancy Separation Walls May be used to separate different uses in the same occupancy Typically separation walls must have a 1 to 2 hr fire rating Use the higher rating between different occupancies

  8. Fire Barriers, con’t Tenant separation Walls Demising walls separate two tenants with the same occupancy The most common rating is 1 hr. Corridor Walls Typically corridors used as exits, such as exit passageways must have a 2 hr. Corridors used as exit accesses – 1 hr Horizontal Exits Occupants are not expected to leave the building but to pass to the other side of a fire wall to an area of refuge. 2 hr.

  9. Fire Barriers, con’t Vertical Shaft Enclosures Determined by the number of floors it penetrates Walls are usually continuous from bottom of the building to the underside of the roof deck. Typically – 1 hr if three stories or less 2hr rating if four or more stories. An exit access stair may require a fire rated enclosure if it connects more than two floors There is a limit to the number of elevators in a single shaft to two to four Room Separation Contents of room may be considered hazardous Boiler, furnace, large storage rooms

  10. Smoke Barriers • Consists of either a wall assembly or a full enclosure • Limited openings are allowed • Additional mechanical functions are required – ventilation and air circulation

  11. Smoke Barriers, con’t Smoke Buoyancy – increases with heat – forced upward Expansion – Gases create pressure HVAC – Transport and air supply Stack Effect – Cold outside – forced up Warm – forced down

  12. Smoke Barriers, con’t Wall Assemblies Continuous from outside wall to outside wall Areas created are considered a smoke compartment – area of refuge Other requirements Specific swing type doors Automatic release door closures Smoke dampers at the mechanical ducts

  13. Smoke Barriers, con’t Vertical Shafts Smoke proof required if a building is over a certain height All doors must automatically close on the detection of smoke Smoke Stop Door is required as well

  14. Through Penetration ProtectivesFirestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers Firestops Seal and Protect any opening created by penetrations Conduit, Pipes, HVAC, Cables LSC require the use of listed and approved firestops and smoke barriers Firestop device Endothermic – release water when exposed Intumescent – Expands in volume when exposed – sealing the gap Draftstop Create separate spaces or areas to prevent movement of air

  15. Through Penetration ProtectivesFirestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers Damper Systems Also considered a smoke barrier Two kinds Static – shuts down during a fire Dynamic – remains in operation during a fire to control air flow Fire Dampers Installed whenever there is a wall penetration Rating – 1-1/2 to 3 hours Smoke Dampers Activated specifically by the presence of smoke Ceiling Dampers Prevent heat from entering the space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above Closes when heated air moves through

  16. Rated Materials Underwriters Laboratories Fire resistance Directory, Vol 1 Beams, columns, floors, roofs, and penetrations Fire resistance Directory, Vol II Through penetration firestop system

  17. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions New Products Gypsum and fiber from recycled paper Use Studs Over furring Suspended ceilings

  18. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Gypsum Wallboard Panels 4 and 4-1/2 Ft (1200 and 1372) wide 8,10,12,14 ft (2400, 3000, 3600, 4200mm) long ¼, 3/8, ½, 5/8, ¾ (6.4, 9.5, 12.7, 15.9, 19mm) thick 5/8” (16mm)Commercial and high quality residential ½” (12.7mm) Common residential 3/8” (9.5) – used for double layer applications and remodeling work ¼” (6.4) – used for curved surfaces

  19. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Gypsum Wallboard, con’t Double layers used for fire resistance and acoustic benefits Most common form has tapered edges – allows for reinforcement tape and joint compound Fire rated Gypsum Wallboard Type X Must be used for fire rated applications

  20. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Gypsum Wallboard, con’t Water Resistant Wallboard Backing for adhesive applied ceramic tile Areas where wallboard may be exposed to moisture during construction Better to use Portland cement plaster setting bed or other cementitious panel products Foil Backed Wallboard Vapor barrier to prevent transmission of water vapor to the exterior wall and ceiling spaces Pre- finished Wallboard Used with demountable partition systems Exposed vertical joint or covered with proprietary trim

  21. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Framing Wood Residential or small commercial Can double as load bearing wall Common – 2x4 (actual – 1-1/2x 3-1/2” – 38.1 x 88.9mm) Spaced 16” or 24” on center (406, 610) 16” is more common in commercial construction

  22. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Framing, con’t Metal Usually nonbearing walls Can be load bearing if heavy gage studs are used (Requires calculation by structural engineer)

  23. Components Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Framing, con’t Metal, con’t Size Thickness 25 gage – most common 22 gage – used for very tall partitions 12, 14, 16, 18 gage for structural steel studs Depths Determined by height of partition Most common is 2-1/2” (63.5) and 3-1/2” (92.1) 2-1/2” adequate for normal ceiling heights of 8-10’ 1-5/8”, 2-1/2”, 3-5/8”, 4, and 6”(41.3, 63.5, 92.1, 101.6, 152.4mm) Width Varies slightly around 1-1/4” (32mm)

  24. Components Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Framing, con’t Metal, con’t 16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610) 24 inch is more common for non load bearing partitions Runners on floor and ceiling “C” shaped Attached with self tapping screws Special framing shapes for application from one side as needed for wall liners in stairways, elevators, and dumbwaiters. H shaped studs are used for area separation walls to provide firebreak between apartments or condos

  25. Components Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Wood and Metal furring Usually placed 16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610) Base for attachment to one side of construction Wood 1x2 (3/4 x 2-1/2) (19.1x38.1) Metal Hat channel is most common Resilient channel – for acoustic application requirements Z-furring – accommodate electrical conduit, switch boxes and insulation

  26. Components Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Trim Standard – 6 common shapes Corner bead trim LC bead trim Used where edge of wallboard is exposed Needs to be installed before wallboard L- bead trim Similar to LC but may be installed after wallboard U trim Does not require finishing – esthetic concern LK Trim Similar to LC trim – fits into slot of frame Control joints Used at distances of 50 ft

  27. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Trim, con’t Proprietary Trim Usually extruded aluminum Large curved corners Reveals

  28. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Finishing Reinforcing tape Joint Compound Tape used in process of finishing joints Placed in joint compound Usually three layers of compound to finish joint treatment Three layers are usually used for nail or screw holes Finishes Textured coatings Hides minor surface imperfections Orange peel Knock Down

  29. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Finishing, con’t Standard Types Level 0 No taping Level 1 Tape imbedded – free of excess compound Level 2 Level 1 with a separate layer of joint compound as well Use for substrate for ceramic tile Level 3 Level 2 plus another compound coat Used anywhere wherever medium or heavy textured surface is applied Used where heavy wall covering is to be applied

  30. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Components Finishing, con’t Standard Types, con’t Level 4 Three coats of joint compound Used for light textured wall covering is to be applied Economic concerns Do not use gloss paint Level 5 Level 4 with the addition of a skim coat over entire surface Severe lighting conditions and gloss paint situations

  31. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Fire and Sound Ratings Gypsum is inherently fire resistant Density makes gyp a good material for fire resistance Ratings 1, 2, 3, 4 hour rating requirements Established by independent testing laboratories Standard fire tests Used to protect columns, beams, and other building components

  32. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Fire and Sound Ratings Ratings, con’t One hour partitions Separating lease corridors from lease space Separating houses from attached garages Separating one type of occupancy from another Two hour Partitions Enclose vertical shafts Stairways Elevators Some types of occupancy require 3-4 hour separation Sound ratings Determined by STC requirements

  33. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Typical partition construction Typical Residential Partition 2x4, 16 to 24” OC ¼ to ½” gap at the floor hidden by the baseboard

  34. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Typical partition construction Non-rated Commercial Construction LC trim used at ceiling Runners for ceiling and floor 5/8” (15.9) in most cases – 24” (610) OC ½” (12.7) – 16” (406) OC 2-1/2” (63.5) for ceiling heights of 8 – 10 Feet (2438, 2743) 3-5/8” (92.1) when additional dimension is required for mechanical, electrical systems.

  35. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Typical partition construction Non-rated Commercial Construction, con’t Most contractors will apply horizontally: • Fewer joints • Convenient • Ties more studs together • Strongest dimension across the studs

  36. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Typical partition construction 1 Hour Rated Fire rated sealant Slip joint at ceiling – note this is in the plenum space so finishing is not a concern Fire rated wallboard – type X Attached to fire rated ceiling and floor assemblies All joints edges and penetrations must be sealed Electrical boxes may be placed but are limited – one box on one side in each space between studs. Fluted metal deck – must be sealed

  37. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Typical partition construction 2 Hour Rated Required around vertical enclosures Slip joint at ceiling Fire rated sealant at ceiling and floor Two layers of 5/8” (16) type X gyp on both sides Or ¾” single type X gyp

  38. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Typical partition construction Chase Walls Double row of studs Provides space for plumbing May be used for recessing for large elements

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