The transformation of Russia & china

1. The transformation of Russia & china Mr. McKenna World History Marymount College

2. Russian revolution

3. The russian revolutions • The March Revolution: 1917 – workers riot over food shortages – soldiers refuse to fire on the crowd • The Czar abdicates and the Duma sets up a provisional government • Soviets, councils of workers, are created. • Bolsheviks, a radical socialist group under Lenin, take over the Soviets • November, 1917, Bolsheviks overthrow the provisional government.

4. A rocky start • Once the Bolsheviks complete their takeover, Lenin seeks peace with Germany, signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March, 1918 • Civil war against czarist Whites lasts for 3 years. • National groups that had been conquered under the czar revolted • Allies send troops to aid the Whites, hoping to get Russia back in the war. • Communists win out and takeover industry and financial institutions. • Leon Trotsky takes charge of the military

5. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • 1922 – constitution with democratic and socialist doctrines, creating the U.S.S.R. • Communist, not people, hold true power • Use army and secret police, just like the repressive czars they despised • Lenin dies in 1924 – Josef Stalin takes power after a power struggle with Trotsky

6. Josef stalin • Lenin did not have great faith in Stalin’s leadership qualifications • Stalin proves to be more cunning than the idealistic Trotsky • Trotsky flees into exile and is later murdered in Mexico by an agent of Stalin • Stalin enacts reforms for industry, transportation, and agriculture with mixed results

7. The great purge • Stalin was obsessive and paranoid • 1934 – Stalin uses secret police to eliminate anyone he thought was a threat: older Bolsheviks, army heroes, writers, industrialists, and others • 800,000 are executed. • Over 3,000,000 are exiled to forced labor camps in Siberia • Eliminates 90% of military officers

8. The new china

9. The Chinese republic • 1911 Sun Yixian is the first president • 1912 Sun Yixian steps down in favor of General Yuan Shikai, hoping order can be restored • Yuan tries to make himself emperor instead but dies in 1916 • Chaos increases

10. Foreign Devils Abound • 1915 – Japan tries to make China a protectorate, issuing Twenty-One Demands • Yuan gives in to some of Japan’s demands • 1919 – Japan takes over German holdings in China; Chinese accuse rulers of selling out to the Japanese

11. May Fourth Movement • May 4th, 1919 – student protests start in Beijing and spread across China • These students and military officers receive support from Russia in order to start another Communist revolution. • 1921 – Sun Yixian and the Guomindang (Nationalist Party) set up a government in southern China • Jiang Jieshitakes over after Sun’s death and seeks to unify China under the Guomindang

12. Guomindang marches north • Jiang leads his forces north to battle local warlords and restore order. • Stops in Beijing to strike at Communists • 1927 Guomindang slaughter thousands of Communists, setting up decades of struggle between the two parties

13. Mao Zedong • Communist party member that escapes Guomindang attacks • Seeks to recruit the peasant masses rather than wooing middle class • 1934 Mao leads 100,000 followers on the Long March – 6,000 miles – to escape the Guomindang army. • Communists treat those they pass with respect, increasing support for them

14. Ongoing Struggle • 1931 -Japan invades Manchuria • 1937-1945 China is the center of a three-way struggle between Guomindang, Communists, and Japan • Pearl Harbor brings an alliance between U.S. and China • Turmoil continues after the war…