Chapter 3: Migration

1. Chapter 3: Migration By: Katie and Kristin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rcf7somU8E

2. Ravenstein’s Law of Migration • 19th century used data from England to outline a series of “laws” explaining patterns of migration • Economic factors are main cause of migration • Urban residents are less migratory than those from rural areas • Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence likelihood to migrate • Three categories of Ravenstein’s Law of Migration: • Why migrants move • Distance they typically move • Characteristics of migrants

3. Push/Pull Factors • A push factor induces people to move out of their present location • A pull factor induces people to move into a new location • Three kinds of push/pull factors: • Economic • Cultural • Environmental • Economic: -Push factors: Not enough job opportunities -Pull factors: areas with lots of natural resources and job opportunities • Cultural -Push Factors: slavery, political instability • Environmental -Push Factors: Adverse physical conditions -Pull Factors: attractive locations, climate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bkN3pLD_as

5. Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition • Change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. • Stage 1 • High CBR/ High CDR • Daily or seasonal mobility in search of food • Searching for local necessities • Internal migration • Stage 2 • High CBR/ dropping CDR • High rate of Natural Increase • Overtaxing resources/ limited opportunities push out immigrants • International Migration • Rural areas to cities • Stage 3 & 4 • Slowing growth rate • Result of social change • Fewer children • International Migration • Societies in stage 3 & 4 become the destinations of migrations from stage 2 countries • Stage 4: Less emigration, more intraregional migration • From cities to suburbs

7. Characteristics of Migrants • Gender • Ravenstein’s Laws • Most long-distance migrants are male • Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals • Reality • Reversed in 1990s women now 55% of U.S. immigrants • Mexican Immigration • Up until 1980’s 85% of Mexican immigrants men • Now women majority • Family Status • Most immigrants young adults • 40% of U.S. immigrants today between 25-39 years old • Increasing # are children • 16% under 15 years old Age • Most influential factor in migration selectivity • Americans are most likely to move between 18 and 30 • Education • The more educated people are the more likely they are to make long-distance moves

8. Undocumented Immigration to the United States • Legal immigration reached highest level in 20th century • More people want to enter than allowed • Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants • Estimated at 11.9 million in 2008 • 59 % from Mexico • 22% from elsewhere in Latin America • 12% from Asia • Children • 2008 estimate: • 6.3 million adult males • 4.1 million adult females • 1.5 million children • 4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents • Creates conflict: • Jobs • 8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employed • Construction/ hospitality • Border easy to cross • Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobs • Some favor work programs • Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants

9. Dream Act • This bill provided illegal immigrants with a permanent residency in the United States. -Had to live in the country for at least five years prior to the bills enactment - Must have good moral character to be considered -Arrive in U.S as a minor • Critics contend that it would reward illegal immigration and encourage further illegal immigration, inviting fraud and shielding gang members from deportation.

11. Migration from Rural to Urban Areas • Began in 1800s • Industrial Revolution • United States urban pop • 1800 – 5% • 1920 – 50% • Today 3/4ths of people in U.S. and other MDCs live in cities • Urbanization now diffusing to LDCs • Especially Asia • Most rural to Urban migrants are moving for economic opportunities

13. Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas • Developed countries • migration is from cities to suburbs • Not related to employment but change in lifestyle • yard with fence • Better schools, safer neighborhoods • To accommodate, farms on periphery of cities converted to neighborhoods

14. Important Terms • Brain Drain: Large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge • Chain Migration: Immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to another town • Circulation: Short-term; repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly and annually • Counterurbanization: The net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas • Emigration: Moving from a particular location (out-migration) • Forced Migration: movement of an individual against his or her own will • Guest Workers: Individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries • Immigration: Moving to a particular location (in-migration) • Internal Migration: Migrating to somewhere in the same country just different town • International migration: migrating to a whole new country

15. Interregional Migration: travels between 2 or more regions • Intervening Obstacles: things that stand in the way of migrating (language, job oportunities) • Intraregional migration: travels only within 1 region • Migration: long-distance move to a new location • Mobility: Ability to move from one place to another either permanently or temporarily • Net Migration: gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of migration • Pull Factor: induces people to move into new locations • Push Factor: Induces people to move out of a current location • Quotas: How many people are in or out of the country (population) • Refugees: Individual who crosses national boundries to seek safety • Unauthorized immigrants: illegal immigrants • Voluntary Immigration: Choose to migrate on their own without anyone telling them to do so