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Harry S. Truman President # 33, Democrat 1945-1953

Harry S. Truman President # 33, Democrat 1945-1953. http:// en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Harry_Truman#Presidency_1945.E2.80.931953. Occupation and Education. B orn in Missouri and is of Scotch-Irish decent B orn the oldest child His father was a farmer.

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Harry S. Truman President # 33, Democrat 1945-1953

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  1. Harry S. Truman President # 33, Democrat 1945-1953 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman#Presidency_1945.E2.80.931953

  2. Occupation and Education • Born in Missouri and is of Scotch-Irish decent • Born the oldest child • His fatherwas a farmer. • Truman did not attend former school until he was 8 • Worked as a time keeper for the Santa Fe Rail Company, then as a clerk, and for a short time, in a mail room • Enlisted in the army at age 21

  3. “Truman in Uniform” • An impressive fact was that Truman’s eyesight was initially too poor to be allowed into the army • But he cheated the system by taking the test so many times that he memorized the correct answers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman#Presidency_1945.E2.80.931953

  4. Wedding Day http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman#Presidency_1945.E2.80.931953 After the war, Truman married his old hometown girlfriend Bess Wallace, and they had one child named Mary Margaret Truman

  5. Party Affiliates • Vice President- Alben Barkley served Truman all 8 years. • Secretaries of State- Edward Stettinius Jr. (1944-1945); James F. Byrnes (1945-1947); George Marshall (1947-1949); Dean Acheson (1949-1953) • Secretaries of War- Henry Stimson (1945); Robert Patterson (1945-1947) • Although no new states were admitted, he did recognize Israel.

  6. Initial Service • Truman inherited the Presidency after the DIO of 32nd president FDR. He served 3 years before the 1948 election. This counted as his 1st term as President.

  7. Election of 1948 • Truman was a major underdog in this race, and is quoted many times by other underdog politicians. • This also caused one of the most famous pictures in American history, where a circulated newspaper inaccurately circulated the heading “Dewey defeats Truman” which did not come to fruition.

  8. By the numbers • Harry Truman (Democrat): 303 electoral, 24.2 million popular • Thomas Dewey (Republican): 189 electoral, 22 million popular • Strom Thurmond (States Rights Democrat): 39 electoral, 1.2 million Truman wasn’t favored to win, but this was most likely the prediction because the policy of public polls was still in its infant stage.

  9. Election Map 1948 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman#Presidency_1945.E2.80.931953

  10. “Dewey Defeats Truman” (incorrect) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman#Presidency_1945.E2.80.931953

  11. Shortly before the election of 1952, Congress passed the 22nd amendment which prevented any President from serving more than 2 cumulative terms http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman#Presidency_1945.E2.80.931953

  12. Harry S. Truman becomes President • Harry Truman becomes president after President Roosevelt dies on April 12, 1945 • President Roosevelt died only 82 days into his fourth term • Coming into presidency Truman was uninformed about many of Roosevelt domestic and foreign policies http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman

  13. First Atomic Bomb Exploded • Code name for the first nuclear detonation device was Trinity • The U.S conducted the test on July 16,1945 • Following the success of this test two bombs were prepared for use against Japan during World War II http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)#Test_results

  14. Potsdam Conference • Held in Potsdam, Germany • Participants included the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union • These three nations gathered to administer the punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany • The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWpotsdam.htm

  15. San Francisco Conference • This conference wrote the Treaty of Peace with Japan • Officially sighed on September 8, 1951 by 48 nations • Served to officially end World War II • Ended Japans formal position as an imperial power • Allocated compensation to Allied civilians and former P.O.W • Made extensive use of U.N charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521161/San-Francisco-Conference

  16. World War II ends with Surrender of Germany (May) and Japan (August) • Germany signs the instrument of surrender on May 7in Rheims • The 3 nations (U.S, U.K, and Soviet Union) meet in Potsdam to administer the punishment to Germany • During the Potsdam conference, Japan still refused to surrender • After the U.S dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Japan Surrendered on August 15, 1945 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

  17. Philippine Island become Independent • Tydings-McDuffie Act was a federal law that officially provided for self-government of the Philippines • It was approved on March 24, 1934 • The Tydings- McDuffie Act specified a special framework for the drafting of a Constitution • Required approval of the constitution by the U.S President and the Filipino people • Mandated U.S recognition of the independent Philippine Islands after a ten year transition period http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm

  18. Republicans win both houses of Congress • In 1946 the GOP gained 55 House seats and 12 Senate Seats • Gave Republicans control of both houses for the first time since 1928 • This greatly damaged Truman and his administration and Democratic Senator Fulbright even advised Truman to step down • Instead Truman made a remarkable comeback and the 80th congress became known as the “do-nothing” Congress http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/oped/busch/06/1946.html

  19. Employment Act of 1946 • The main purpose of the act was to make economic stability and unemployment a federal responsibility • The Act created the Council of Economic Advisers and the Joint Economic Committee which provides analysis and recommendations http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/cea/about

  20. Atomic Energy Commission • Atomic Energy Commission was established after to control peace time development of atomic science and technology • President Truman signed McMahon/Atomic Energy Act on August 1, 1945 • Transferred control of atomic energy from military to civilian hands http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/atomic-energy-commission.html

  21. National Security Act • Signed by President Truman on July 26, 1947 • Main purpose was to unify the Army, Navy, and Air forced into a federated structure  • The Act merged Department of War and Department of Nary into National Military Establishment all headed by Secretary of Defense http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947

  22. New Presidential Succession Act • Established a line of succession to powers and duties of the office of the President • The line of succession went from President to Vice President, then to the Speaker, and then Pro tempore • This changed the existing law which had the pro tempore ahead of the speaker of the house in line of succession  http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Presidential_Succession_Act.htm

  23. Taft- Hartley Act • Federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions • The Act became law on June 23, 1947 when Congress overrode President Truman's veto • After the work more than 5 million workers were involved in strikes, which on average lasted 4 times longer than those before the war • The Taft-Hartley Act was a means of demobilizing the labor movement • It limited the labors ability to strike and prohibited radicals from leadership http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act

  24. Truman Orders Loyalty Probe • In 1947 Truman ordered investigations into the loyalty of employees because of the fear of communism • The victims of the anti-communist hysteria included film personalities, homosexuals, and many others • When Senator Joseph McCarthy announced that Communists controlled the State Department, he started the hysteria that became known as McCarythism http://www.apexamreview.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=487

  25. Marshall Plan • Marshall plan was the large-scale American program to aid Europe in rebuilding European economies after WWII • This was done mainly to combat the spread of Soviet communism • The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry to make Europe prosperous again http://www.marshallfoundation.org/TheMarshallPlan.htm

  26. Truman Doctrine • Truman doctrine was a policy set by President Truman in a speech where he said the U.S would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid • This was done to make sure they would not fall into the Soviet sphere • Many historians argue this is the beginning of the Cold War • Truman believed that the “totalitarian regimes” that pressured “free people” posed a threat to international peace and national security  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine

  27. Jackie Robinson enter Major League Baseball • Jackie Robinson was the first black MLB player since the 1880s •  Robinson was very influential in bringing an end to racial segregation in professional baseball • His great character and unquestionable talent significantly helped the Civil Rights movement http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson#Major_leagues

  28. “To Secure these Rights” is issued by the Presidential Commission on Civil Rights (1947) • To Secure these Rights was a 178 page report that proposed improving existing civil rights laws • It aimed to establish: • a permanent Civil Rights Commission • Joint Congressional Committee on Civil Rights • Civil Rights division in Department of Justice • To create Fair Employment Practices Commission • And abolish poll taxes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President's_Committee_on_Civil_Rights

  29. Displacement Act • Signed by President Truman June 25,1948 • This act helped those individuals who were victims of persecution by the Nazi government or who were fleeing persecution • Also helped someone who could not go back to their country because of fear of persecution based on race, religion or political opinions • U.S allowed 200,000 displaced persons to enter • A second DP act that followed shortly allowed another 200,000 DP to enter the U.S http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1948_displaced_persons_act.html

  30. State of Israel Founded • The State of Israel declared independence on May 14, 1948, after almost two millennia of Jewish dispersal and persecution around the Mediterranean • The State of Israel was declared after the UN Partition of 1947 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel

  31. Truman appoints Presidential Commission on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Services (1948) • Truman abolishes segregation in the Armed Services with Executive order 9981 • Truman's Order was expanded by Executive Order 8802 which established equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all races, religions, or national origins • The order also established a committee to investigate and make recommendations to the civilian leadership of the military to implement the policy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9981

  32. Berlin Blockade (1948-1949) • One of the 1st major conflicts of the Cold War. • After WWII, Berlin was divided into 4 major sections. ¾ of them were controlled by the Allies, and ¼ by Russia, still technically an ally at the time. • On June 24, 1948, Russia blocked all major entryways and exits to all Ally sections of Berlin, with the hopes of being Berlins only lifeline, and then basically in control of the whole city. • The U.S. solution was to, along with England, airdrop supplies all across the cities, which angered Russia • This was the first semi-big push in the giant game of “chicken” that was known as the Cold War. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade

  33. Airdrop Strategy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade

  34. Selective Service Act (1948) • Created a uniform set of rules for the military to abide to a similar to code of conduct. • Regulated how the Gov’t keeps track of eligible draftees • This came into play in Vietnam, as it angered many Americans who were caught in the draft net http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Service_System

  35. NATO (Est 1949- ) • This organization stemmed from the North Atlantic Treaty • This called for a united military alliance, and a policy of containment of communist forces. • NATO is an international government collective defense against all nations outside of the group. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO

  36. http://images.google.com/imgres?q=nato&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=CPIVbNRXOX_xtM:&imgrefurl=http://electionsmeter.com/polls/nato&docid=4JKNTjbeIL56vM&imgurl=http://cdn1.beeffco.com/files/poll-images/normal/nato_5207.jpg&w=640&h=480&ei=3U8wT9zGMsbc0QHHj830Cg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=326&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=152&tbnw=203&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=70&ty=66http://images.google.com/imgres?q=nato&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=CPIVbNRXOX_xtM:&imgrefurl=http://electionsmeter.com/polls/nato&docid=4JKNTjbeIL56vM&imgurl=http://cdn1.beeffco.com/files/poll-images/normal/nato_5207.jpg&w=640&h=480&ei=3U8wT9zGMsbc0QHHj830Cg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=326&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=152&tbnw=203&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=70&ty=66

  37. Point Four Program (1949) • Truman’s foreign policy plan which was outlined in his inaugural address. • Got its name because it was the fourth foreign policy objective outlined in his address. • The purpose of it was to technologically aid growing 3rd world countries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Four_Program#Implementation_of_the_program

  38. Communist Victory in China (1949) • The U.S. DID NOT want the communists to win this war. We sent over 150,000 troops in to secure the area. • The losing party became Taiwan • This victory secured the power of the communist party. This greatly worried the West, for they believed that the communists were out to get us. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War#Fighting_in_mainland_China_.281946.E2.80.931950.29

  39. Mao Zedong, leader of communist China http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong

  40. NSC-68 delivered to President Truman (1949-1950) • The National Security Counsel report #68 was a military report requisitioned by Harry Truman. It called for recon of the enemies strength, and a tactical reassessment of their ability. • It also called for $50 billion in defense spending, as compared to what it initially was- $13 billion

  41. http://images.google.com/imgres?q=battleship+guns&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=gUAX_lgR7iIhjM:&imgrefurl=http://riotgirl102793.deviantart.com/art/USS-Salem-Battleship-Guns-142547316&docid=zzLOagI86J7q-M&imgurl=http://www.deviantart.com/download/142547316/USS_Salem_Battleship_Guns_by_RiotGirl102793.jpg&w=3296&h=2472&ei=sk4wT83oKKPd0QGhhJnHCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=994&vpy=220&dur=64&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=72&ty=108&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=154&tbnw=207&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0http://images.google.com/imgres?q=battleship+guns&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=gUAX_lgR7iIhjM:&imgrefurl=http://riotgirl102793.deviantart.com/art/USS-Salem-Battleship-Guns-142547316&docid=zzLOagI86J7q-M&imgurl=http://www.deviantart.com/download/142547316/USS_Salem_Battleship_Guns_by_RiotGirl102793.jpg&w=3296&h=2472&ei=sk4wT83oKKPd0QGhhJnHCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=994&vpy=220&dur=64&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=72&ty=108&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=154&tbnw=207&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0

  42. Korean War begins (1950) • War between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea. • The war escalated when Russia backed the North, and we backed the South • This was the first practice example of containment, which is when we prevent the forces of communism from spreading http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War

  43. http://images.google.com/imgres?q=korean+war&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=TjZADWJH2DC1TM:&imgrefurl=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm&docid=lELXmM-eNiW7YM&imgurl=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/korean_w.gif&w=296&h=300&ei=okkwT6LRHarc0QGnnZj3Cg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=358&vpy=212&dur=51902&hovh=226&hovw=223&tx=132&ty=117&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=158&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=11&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0http://images.google.com/imgres?q=korean+war&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=TjZADWJH2DC1TM:&imgrefurl=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm&docid=lELXmM-eNiW7YM&imgurl=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/korean_w.gif&w=296&h=300&ei=okkwT6LRHarc0QGnnZj3Cg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=358&vpy=212&dur=51902&hovh=226&hovw=223&tx=132&ty=117&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=158&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=11&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0

  44. Alger Hiss convicted of perjury (1950) • Hiss was accused of espionage in 1950, as well as being in the communist party while serving in the government. • He maintains that he was innocent, and that all the incriminating letters were forgeries • Although many people debate his conviction, his cases papers have been sealed for 50 years, so the debate shall go on

  45. Senator Joseph McCarthy alleges communists in the Government (1950) • Initiates the Red Scare. Begins the national panic and fear of communism. This suspended many peoples rights all because they were ‘alleged’ communists • This craziness made America look foolish in hindsight http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy

  46. http://images.google.com/imgres?q=joseph+mccarthy+hearings&hl=en&sa=X&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=9degDgU1c8QiKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mkstage.com/pajamagame/1954.htm&docid=pIHwviIEjEL7eM&imgurl=http://www.mkstage.com/pajamagame/mccarthy.jpg&w=301&h=300&ei=W0YwT5arCoLg0QH--tjmDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=328&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=112&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0&tx=21&ty=10http://images.google.com/imgres?q=joseph+mccarthy+hearings&hl=en&sa=X&gbv=2&biw=1277&bih=549&tbm=isch&tbnid=9degDgU1c8QiKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mkstage.com/pajamagame/1954.htm&docid=pIHwviIEjEL7eM&imgurl=http://www.mkstage.com/pajamagame/mccarthy.jpg&w=301&h=300&ei=W0YwT5arCoLg0QH--tjmDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=328&sig=107332353534752472021&page=1&tbnh=112&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0&tx=21&ty=10

  47. McCarran International Security Act (1950) • This act mandated that all communist groups in America must register with the government. Those registered weren’t allowed to become citizens. And they couldn’t leave the country • This act was during the red scare, and was repealed after we settled down • Shows just how crazy we can get when we are scared http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarran_Internal_Security_Act

  48. Amendment 22 is ratified (1951) • Sets a term limit at 2 cumulative terms for presidents. • This was done after FDR’s 4 (including the term of his death) terms in office • This was both right and wrong. It is a good idea when there are unfit leaders, but it is a bad idea when the nation is in times of prolonged trouble, and the president needs a lot of time to help everyone http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

  49. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg convicted of conspiring to commit espionage (1953) • Jewish-American communists who were convicted of attempting to divulge secrets to Russia about atomic warheads. • They were the first two civilians officially executed during the Cold War • This was in the middle of the Red Scare, and in hindsight, it was unjust to execute them. However, their cohorts did admit that the pair were indeed spies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg

  50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg

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