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Outline Visual Pattern recognition Template theory Feature Theory Top down influences

9/9/2014. Outline Visual Pattern recognition Template theory Feature Theory Top down influences Object recognition Auditory Pattern recognition Physiology of hearing Echoic Memory Video: A face in the mirror. Study Question.

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Outline Visual Pattern recognition Template theory Feature Theory Top down influences

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  1. 9/9/2014 • Outline • Visual Pattern recognition • Template theory • Feature Theory • Top down influences • Object recognition • Auditory Pattern recognition • Physiology of hearing • Echoic Memory • Video: A face in the mirror Study Question. • Compare and contrast template and feature theories of pattern recognition. • Compare and contrast visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) memory.

  2. Pattern Recognition • Features Theories • Complex stimuli are composed of distinctive and separable parts called features

  3. Pattern Recognition • Features and form perception

  4. Pattern Recognition T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T • Feature search: Find the green ‘T’

  5. Pattern Recognition T X T X T X X X X X X T T X X T T T X T T X X X T X T X X T T X T X T X T X X T T T X X T X X T T T X X T X X X X X T X T T X T T X X T T X T T T T T X X X X X T T T X T X X T T T X T T T X X T T X X T T X X T T X T T X T X • Conjunction search: Find the green ‘T’

  6. Pattern Recognition • E. Gibson’s Feature Theory • Complex stimuli are composed of distinctive and separable parts called features. • Pattern recognition is accomplished by counting the presence or absence of a checklist of features. • Gibson’s specification of the feature set • Features must be critical • Identity should be unchanged by brightness, size and perspective. • Yield a unique pattern for each letter • As small a set as possible.

  7. Find the letter ‘W’ Group A MNNXKLKNLK KMMXNNKMM LKNMXMMKM YMNZNXKXXL MMKYZXZMZX MZXNMXYNKM KMNKWMNXLK KZXMNXXNML MNNXKLKNLK KMMXNNKMM LKNMXMMKM Group B SSGQOPBCPOS CCGQOPSBDDB OPPCQDPOOCG PQOOCCGSPOC SDSGCOOQGGS OOPQQDSSOPO QSOWCBQGGS BQGSCOPODSOP SSGQOPBCPOS CCGQOPSBDDB SDSGCOOQGGS

  8. • Other evidence for feature theory: Stabilized retinal images. - Physiological nystagmus

  9. • Other evidence for feature theory: Stabilized retinal images. - Physiological nystagmus

  10. • Other evidence for feature theory: Stabilized retinal images. - Physiological nystagmus

  11. • Other evidence for feature theory: Stabilized retinal images. - Physiological nystagmus

  12. • Other evidence for feature theory: Stabilized retinal images. - Physiological nystagmus

  13. • Other evidence for feature theory: Stabilized retinal images. - Physiological nystagmus

  14. Pattern Recognition a b d c • Problems with Feature theory • How features go together are as important as the features themselves.

  15. Pattern Recognition • Structural Theories • Like feature theories, except that they also consider the structure of the features (i.e., How they go together. • Biederman’s Theory of 3-d object recognition. • Geons: 3-D ‘volume’ features

  16. Pattern Recognition • Eliminating information about the relationship between volumes/features should be detrimental to pattern recognition. • E.g.,

  17. 100 % 50 % 70 % Recognition accuracy -> What are these objects?

  18. Pattern Recognition • Pandemonium

  19. Pattern Recognition • The word superiority effect

  20. R A I D

  21. X X X X

  22. D

  23. Pattern Recognition W O R D D R U E D X X X X X X X X X X X X _ _ _ D _ _ _ D _ _ _ D • The word superiority effect -> It is easier to identify a letter in the context of a word than by itself.

  24. Pattern Recognition • Bottom-up processing • “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” • Perception involves an interplay between bottom-up and top-down processes.

  25. Top-down processes • Perception requires an interplay between top down and bottom up processes E.g., This xentexce is xasy tx read xven txough xvery xifth xettex is goxe Herx evexy foxrth xettxr hxs bexn rexlacxd. Thxs oxe ix haxdex bexauxe exerx thxrd xetxer xs mxssxng. Cxn xox rxax txix oxe xhxcx hxs xvxrx oxhxr xextxr xixsxnx?

  26. “Animal” MAT RAT CAT M C R CAT • The interactive - activation model: Bottom-up

  27. “Animal” RAT CAT MAT C R M CAT • The interactive - activation model: Top-down

  28. Pattern Recognition • Connectionism • The Unit • Activity, weights, thresholds, and summation • A simple example the AND problem • The OR problem • The XOR problem • Hidden units and three layered networks.

  29. Auditory Perception • Physiology of hearing

  30. Psychology 100Intersession Chap 5 Sensation

  31. Hearing High Compression Quantitative Low Loud Soft Low Qualitative High • The physical stimulus • The quantitative element: Amount of compression (sound pressure). • We hear loudness, measured in decibels. • The qualitative element: Frequency of compression waves. • We hear pitch

  32. Auditory Perception S 2 7 6 8 C 1 B 4 • Auditory Sensory Memory • Darwin et al.’s partial report experiment

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