TRAINING & SAFETY IS IT TIME TO QUESTION OUR BELIEFS?

1. TRAINING & SAFETY IS IT TIME TO QUESTION OUR BELIEFS? Capt. Jean-Michel Bigarré Vice President ATR Training & Flight Operations

2. Introduction Aviation Safety: Facts & Interrogations. Advanced Training: Analysis. The ATR reflection. The ATR proposal. Consequences for airlines & TRTO. Intro facts analysis reflection proposal conclusion Agenda

3. Over the last few decades aviation safety has achieved an enviable safety level and divided by ten its accident ratio per pax x km. Is this statement as satisfying as it sound ? The increasing numbers of new kind of accidents and incidents, highlighted by recent events haveseen the emergence of a new source ofrisk: Confidence knowledge and skills of allthe actors involved - the ultimate shieldagainst accidents - is now challenged. Introduction. Intro Is it time to recast Aviation Training ?

4. Safety improvements may follow many directions. Maintenance, design, training,... As A/C manufacturer, airlines services provider and a world-leading TRTO, ATR has decided to engage on a complete re-thinking about Aviation Training: There are two kinds of training: Basic Training. FTOs Advanced Training TRTOs Airlines Aviation Safety Improvement. facts Training Maintenance Human factors Training Regulations Design Ops ATR is focusing on the improvement ofAdvanced Training techniques.

5. Tools are used in phase with learning objectives. In the 90’s, Regulation described a number of qualification levels. BITD (JAR-STD 4A): “basic” trainer. FNPT (JAR-STD 3A): for IR, Type/Class Rating & MCC. FTD (JAR-STD 2A): Credits allow Recurrent & Type Rating on multi-pilot a/c (only for systems management). A convertible FNPT/FTD simulator allows recurrent & Type Rating on multi-pilot a/c. FFS (JAR-STD 1A): Allows Recurrent & multi-pilot Type Rating with a maximum of credits. Advanced Training: Toolbox analysis Today, are all qualification levels suitable in any case ?

6. The training environment is impacted by rules, policies and constraints which may have differing or even conflicting motivations: Regulation, Cost reduction policies, Quality policies, Operations Cost, Geographic distribution… Advanced Training: Environment analysis Is one direction of improvement the better distribution of affordable training facilities ?

7. The present aviation environment is driven by blinded cost-reduction policies. Today, tools and structures make cost reduction policies inducing training volume reduction… Lowering : Skill level … Systems Knowledge… Behaviour... reduction spin The cost Non Duty Time Advanced Training:The Cost Reduction Spin Distant Training Centres analysis FFS COST TrainingVolume TrainingVolume OPS COST Safety ? Is it acceptable ?

8. Can we improve training quality and simultaneously reduce costs ? By increasing training time with suitable tools? By increasing recurrent training time with new tools? By using “state-of-the-art” tools? By using latest technologies? By improving access to suitable tools? By installing simulators nearer to operators? Aviation Training: New orientations analysis

9. In the face of this reality, ATR has started working on a new concept of Advanced Aviation Training analysis reflection

10. Training performance is closely linked to tools and methods: The Full Flight Simulator represents the main tool used in advanced training: Is it suitable for ALL exercises ? Are we too confident with it ? Is it always cost efficient from a performance and accessibility point of view ? Are we wrong with: ”if the tool has a great performance, the result is bound to be great” ? Is the FFS always best suited to the learning objective ? Advanced Training: The ATR Reflection reflection • With all these interrogations, • ATR really questions the FFS concept.

11. A Major Actor: The FFS The FFS is a complex & expensive tool. Which parts of the FFS can beredesigned radically ? The motion system, its associatedmaintenance and the complexinfrastructure needed to lodge an FFSmay need rethinking. In addition to this, FFS instruments and systemsare specific and therefore expensive. New technologies may be used tocreate realistic and affordable cockpits. reflection ATR questions some FFS features

12. WHAT ABOUT THE MOTION SYSTEM ? reflection

13. Many pilot behaviour studies have been made by research centers. NASA & FAA (AIAA) have recently issued a study linking simulators technologies to training performances, providing some answers to the following questions: Motion is the “art of the cheater”. Is it an advantage ? Does it induce wrong behaviour among pilots ? Is a motion essential to ensure a good training ? Is high resolution display plus sound enough for the pilot’s feel ? Is a Fixed FFS able to share training credits with a FFS ? Are there new technologies capable of replacing the motion ? A behaviour study issued by NASA/FAA American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics 2003-5678 reflection

14. A behaviour study issued by NASA/FAA • AIAA - a study focused on recurrent training. • 40 B747-400 pilots from US airlines. • NASA/FAA FFS B747-400 with well tuned motion. • High Resolution Visualization (Level D). • Spatial sound. • Evaluation & training : • 20 pilots with tuned motion. • 20 pilots without motion (not aware of the motion status). • 3 steps: Evaluation, Training & Test. reflection Final Study Validation Test with motion

15. Scenario 1 : V1 Cut Scenario 3 : Precision Instrument Approach (N-1) Cloud = 500 ft ceiling RVR = 5200ft wind = shifting 10>12 kt Quartering headwind to tailwind RVR = 600ft Tailwind = 10 kt Approach N-1 Engine Failure at V1 Scenario 2 : V2 Cut Scenario 4 : Sidestep L to R with windshear (N-1) Cloud = 1100 ft ceiling Visibility = 5 mi wind = crosswind 10 kt Vertical upgust 25 ft/s at 2 Nm from Threshold RVR = 600ft Tailwind = 10 kt Approach N-1 Engine Failure at V2 A behaviour study issued by NASA/FAA reflection

16. From evaluation and training to final test on FFS with motion (“Quasi-Transfer”), performances of the two groups have the same evolution. With or without motion : Training performances are close. For “no-motion” pilots, the performance evolution through study’s phases is more significant. Success Rates by Phase & Maneuver Rudder pedal reaction on engine cut-off. A behaviour study issued by NASA/FAA reflection

17. With or without motion: Training performances are close. This study highlights the efficiency of a realistic fixed base simulator for pilot training, especially for recurrent training. Pilots are flying more “strategically” & use less their “feeling” without over-control, even in stressful situations. The “No-motion” group performances demonstrate that motion does not always help flying (over-control and lazy rudder control). The “No-motion” group performances is the victory of the Back-To-Basics. A behaviour study issued by NASA/FAA NASA/FAA Conclusions : reflection

18. How can we go one step further ? reflection proposal

19. The present training toolbox: proposal There is a large step (in performance & cost) between FNPT/FTD & FFS.

20. The ATR answer The present training toolbox: ? proposal

21. Visual Visual Visual Visual Cockpit Cockpit Pilot seat Pilot seat Instruments Instruments Visual Visual Visual Force Feedback Force Feedback Force Feedback Force Feedback Cockpit Cockpit Pilot seat Pilot seat Systems Systems Instruments Instruments Flight Dynamics Flight Dynamics Force Feedback Force Feedback Sounds Sounds Systems Systems IOS IOS Flight Dynamics Flight Dynamics Instructor Seat Instructor Seat Sounds Sounds IOS IOS Instructor Seat Instructor Seat FFT: taking the best from each tool proposal FFT DESIGN Cockpit Cockpit Pilot seat Pilot seat Instruments Instruments Force Feedback Systems (MCC) Systems Flight Dynamics Flight Dynamics Sounds Sounds IOS IOS Instructor Seat Instructor Seat FFT FNPT Type II FTD level 2 FFS

22. Consequences & Advantages for TRTO& Airlines proposal conclusion

23. Easy to install and to support. FFT Concept: Advantage 1 FFS FFT std room High building off-the-shelf Instruments Dedicated Instruments conclusion 220 VAC Hydraulics Off-the-shelf Maintenance Costs High Voltage High QualificationMaintenance Staff Heavy Maintenance Costs

24. The operating & investment costs allow the development of a worldwide well distributed training network. Training will be closer to airlines. FFT Concept: Advantage 2 conclusion Because it’s there to use, it will be used.

25. But, there is More…

26. The FFT Performances exceed the JAR-STD 3A & 2A requirements. There is a room for a multi-purpose simulator A new qualification level may be created. FFT Qualification: New Framework JAR-STD 1A New Regulation Frame ? ATR 42/72 FFT JAR-STD 3A JAR-STD 2A Why not create anew framework,based onhelicopter standard(JAR-STD 2H) ? conclusion

27. FFT Concept: More Advantages Recurrent Training:Operating cost allows an increase of the training volume: 4hrs of FFS = 2x3hrs of FFT FFS FFT Check OPC Check LPC Check 4hrs Today 4hrs 4hrs 4hrs conclusion MORE 6hrs With FFT 4hrs 12hrs

28. Does safety have a price ? Yes, But we have a choice to make ? Use new, better adapted and affordable tools, with a redefined educational strategy Keep things as they are with risk of continued downgrading of skills conclusion

29. FFT Concept Today’s Answerfor Tomorrow’s Safety Thank You