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Introduction to Histology and Embryology: Study of Tissues, Cells, and Development

This course provides an introduction to histology and embryology, covering the study of tissues, cells, and the development of human fetuses. It includes an overview of histological methods and techniques used in research. The course also emphasizes the importance of recognizing normal tissue and cells and acquiring basic skills for future professional practice.

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Introduction to Histology and Embryology: Study of Tissues, Cells, and Development

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  1. Website：m-learning.zju.edu.cn Histology and Embryology LiDongMei may75119@163.com

  2. Reference books • 1. Jun min T, Ji cheng L. Textbook of Histology and Embryology. Peking University Medical Press, 2011 • 2. William k. Ovalle & Patrick C. Nahirney. Netter’s essential histology, Elsevier Health Sciences,2007 • 3. Gaetner MP, Hlatt JL. Colour Textbook of Histology. Williams & Wilkins, 1997

  3. Course web http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn (2017 Histology and Embryology)

  4. The composition of final score:   1.Lecture：5% 2.Lab attendanceand homework : 10 % 3. Lab Quiz: 15% （each quiz 5%） 4.Lab test: 25% 5.Final written examination：45% Histology：35-40% Embryology：10-15%

  5. Preparation of laboratory work • Have the tools ready: • Pencils (red-blue pencil) • pen, rubber, ruler and so on • Guide book and homework(lab teacher hand out in the first lesson)

  6. Chapter 1Introduction

  7. Ⅰ.   What’s histology? What’s Embryology? Ⅱ.   Why we study it ? Ⅲ.   How to study it ? Ⅳ.  Histological methods

  8. I. What’s histology? Histology (Greek words): /histo-tissue /logia-study of ,or knowledge of Histology means the knowledge of tissue, is a branch of Anatomy.

  9. Anatomy: ---gross anatomy ---microscopic anatomy/microanatomy Structures related to function. Histology is a science which study the microstructure and the relationship between the structure and function of human being.

  10. What we will learn in this course • Cell • Tissue: 4 basic tissues • Organ and system

  11. Cell: smallest unit of structure and function of body ↓ tissue: group of cell and extracellular ground substance four basic tissue: ---epithelium ↓ ---connective tissue ---muscular tissue ---nervous tissue organ:made up of tissue, have special shape, structure and function ↓ system:organs which have related function get together.

  12. I.  What’s Embryology? Embryology is a kind of science which study the processes and the regulations of the development of human fetus. 1.Preembryonic period: 1-2W 2.Embryonic period: 3-8W 3.Fetal period:9-38W

  13. II.    Why we study it ? • To recognize normal tissue and cells • To acquire basic skill which you will use throughout your career!!!

  14. What you need to do III.  How to study it ? • Look • Think • Compare • Remember • Idealized images

  15. Ⅳ.  Histological methods ---Development of histology depends on the development of technique. ---Histology studies the microstructures. So, we should have the aid of microscope to study. Several types of microscopes are available.

  16. Some Instruments for Histologcal Research

  17. Light Microscopy（LM） 1. Basic methods of histology ——Observation of histological slides under LM

  18. Preparation of tissue for LM The most routine one is paraffin section stained with hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) The steps: （1）Obtaining the specimen: fresh, small pieces ( less than 5mm3)-tissue block （2） Fixation: use formalin or Bouin’s to preserve structural organisation （3）Dehydration: use ethyl alcohol to get rid of water of tissue and cell

  19. （4） Clearing: use xylene to get rid of alcohol *alcohol and xylene are embedding mediums （5）Embedding: firstly, heat the paraffin, make it melt, then put tissue block into melted paraffin, allow paraffin harden, the tissue block is embedded in.

  20. （6）Sectioning: use microtome to cut the tissue into 3-8um thick sections, then mounted them on glass slides

  21. （7）H&E staining ---Hematoxylin: basic stain, combines with acidic components, make them appear blue colour- basophilic, i.e. cell nucleus, hyaline cartilage ---Eosin: acidic stain, combines with basic components, make them appear pink colour- acidophilic (eosinophilic), i.e. cytoplasm H&E is the most commonly method in histological study.

  22. Stain methods H.E Eosin 伊 红 Hematoxylin 苏木精 Acidic stucture： Cytoplasma lysosome、Mit.fibles Basic stucture： Nucleus RER Free ribosome

  23. Hematoxylin Blue Eosin Pink acidophilic (eosinophilic) basophilic Hematoxylin Eosin H&E

  24. Electron microscope • Transmission electron microscope (TEM) • Scanning electron microscope(SEM)

  25. TEM

  26. Basophilic granulocyte (TEM) Basophilic granulocyte (LM)

  27. Preparation of tissue for EM The steps are same to preparation for LM a.   tissue block: more small, less than 1mm3 b.   plastic materials for embedding c.  ultra-thin sections is about 30-50nm thick( use ultramicrotome) d.   heavy metal salts- increase staining contrast ---lead citrate ---uranyl acatate

  28. SEM

  29. Some methods for Histological Research

  30. Histochemistry & Cytochemistry To combine histological and cytological methods with chemical and biochemical methods and reveal the chemical composition of tissue and cell in situ.

  31. Immunohistochemistry • To use labelled antibodies as specific reagents for localising tissue and cell constituents (antigens) in situ

  32. In Situ Hybridization • incubate tissues with probe to detect cells expressing gene

  33. Questions • Give the names of four basic tissues？ • What does basophilic andacidophilic mean?

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