C. Hanzlick, 2007

1. WORLD LITERATURECOURSE OUTLINE UNIT 1: FICTION & NONFICTIONUNIT 2: SHORT STORIES (MYTHOLOGY)UNIT 3: TYPES OF NON-FICTIONUNIT 4: POETRYUNIT 5: DRAMAUNIT 6: THEMES C. Hanzlick, 2007

2. REVIEWWhat is poetry? • Type of literature • Sounds • Figurative language • Layers of meaning • Thoughts & feelings

3. REVIEWWhat is poetry? • Type of literature • Sounds • Figurative language • Layers of meaning • Thoughts & feelings

4. REVIEWThree Types of Poetry • Narrative • Tells a story • Lyric • Describes or praises someone/something • Dramatic • Acted out by a character, usually in a play

5. REVIEWForms of Poetry

6. REVIEWWhat is poetry? • Type of literature • Sounds • Figurative language • Layers of meaning • Thoughts & feelings

7. SoundsESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • What is a sound? • Why does a poet use sounds? • Why is sound such an important element of poetry? • How does the sound of a poem affect its mood? • What are the names of some specific types of sounddevices? • Which poets and/or poems are known for their imaginative use of sound?

8. SoundsDEFINITION • A sound is anything you can hear. • Examples: • words • music • dogs barking • a sneeze • the buzzing of a bee • thunder • your pulse • rustling leaves • …you get the picture!

9. SoundsPURPOSE IN POETRY • Why does a poet use sounds? • To be cool • To communicate thoughts and feelings • To make language seem more like music • To be more creative and imaginative with language

10. SoundsPURPOSE IN POETRY • Why is sound such an important element of poetry? • Because it helps the poet to communicate his/her thoughts and feelings when words are not enough

11. Sounds • How does a poem use sounds? • By associating the sounds of words with objects and emotions • By choosing words that sound like the poem feels • Examples: • How do the sounds of these songs correspond with how the singer says he/she feels? • “Can’t Tell Me Nothin’” by Kanye West • “Femme Fatale” by the Velvet Underground • “Get Up Offa That Thing” by James Brown • “Young Folks” by Peter Bjorn & John

12. Sounds • In poetry, there are special names for the different ways a poet can use sound. • List of common sounddevices: • Homophone • Onomatopoeia • Repetition • Parallelism • Alliteration • Consonance • Assonance • Rhyme • Rhythm

13. Sound Devices • Homophones • Words that sound the same but have different meanings • Examples: • blue / blew • picture / pitcher • grease / Greece

14. Sound Devices • Onomatopoeia • A word that sounds like the object it names • Example: • buzz • boom • whisper • skedaddle

15. Sound Devices • Repetition • When anything appears more than once • Examples: • a sound: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. • a word: And if we all came from a woman, Got our name from a woman and our game from a woman, I wonder why we take from our women, do we hate our women? I think it’s time we killed for our women, be real to our women…. • a part of a word: I like to go swimming, biking, and canoeing. • a group of words: A government of the people, by the people, for the people. • an entire line: Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, 
 Because their words had forked no lightning they 
Do not go gentle into that good night.

16. Sound Devices • Parallelism • The repetition of a grammatical construction • Examples: • a series of nouns • a series of verbs or verb forms • a series of phrases or clauses

17. Sound Devices • Alliteration • The repetition of consonant sounds (non-vowels) at the beginning of nearby words • Examples: • YES: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. • NO: The unhappy sap rapped. • YES: The big balloon blew away. • NO: Phoebe’s psychologist caught pneumonia. • YES: The phone rang five times.

18. Sound Devices • Consonance • The repetition of consonant sounds (non-vowels) in the middle and/or end of nearby words • Examples: • Peter Piper • big balloon • “Hush,” the snake whispered. • Who would write such ridiculous things?

19. Sound Devices • Consonance • The repetition of consonant sounds (non-vowels) in the middle and/or end of nearby words • Types of consonant sounds: • Liquid - consonants that sound like water (j, y, l, r, w) • Fricative - consonants that sound fiery and crisp (f, ph, th, ch, k, v, x) • Sibilants - consonants that sound swift and windy (s, z) • Plosives - consonants that sound hard and explosive (p, b, d) • Nasals - consonants that sound like you’re humming (m, n, h)

20. Sound Devices • Assonance • The repetition of vowel sounds

21. Sound Devices • Rhyme • The repetition of sounds at the end of words • Examples: • www.RhymeZone.com

22. Sound Devices • Rhyme • End rhyme • Rhymes that come at the end of a line • Example: Swans sing before they die--twere no bad thing Should certain persons die before they sing. - Samuel Taylor Coleridge

23. Sound Devices • Rhyme • Internalrhyme • Rhymes in the middle of the line • Example: God bless the ground! I shall walk softly there, And learn by going where I have to go.

24. Sound Devices • Rhyme • Exactrhyme • The repetition of the exact same vowel and consonant sounds • Examples: Hall/ball, better/letter, money/honey • Slantrhyme • When words sound alike but do not rhyme exactly • Examples: grove/love, mice/eyes

25. Sound Devices • RhymeScheme • A regular pattern of rhyming words, indicated by using different letters of the alphabet for each new rhyme • Example: There once was a man from Atlanta (A) Who had an obsession with Santa. (A) He bought a red hat (B) And got really fat (B) And renamed himself after Santa. (A)

26. Sound Devices • Rhythm • The beat of a poem, based on a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

27. Sound Devices • Rhythm • 1 Syllable = 1 Note • Stressed Syllable • a stressed syllable is a word or a part of a word that is emphasized, so that it seems longer or louder than the rest of the line • Unstressed Syllable • an unstressed syllable is not emphasized, so that it seems shorter or quieter than the rest of the line

28. Sound Devices • Rhythm • 1 Syllable = 1 Note • Stressed Syllable ( / ) • a stressed syllable is a word or a part of a word that is emphasized, so that it seems longer or louder than the rest of the line • Unstressed Syllable ( - ) • an unstressed syllable is not emphasized, so that it seems shorter or quieter than the rest of the line

29. Sound Devices • Rhythm • The process of identifying stressed ( / ) and unstressed ( - ) syllables is known as scanning or scansion.

30. Sound Devices • Rhythm • A foot is a group of two or three syllables • Iamb • unstressed + stressed (Examples: again, refer) • Trochee • stressed + unstressed (Examples: wonder, water) • Anapest • unstressed + unstressed + stressed (Example: barbeque) • Dactyl • stressed + unstressed + unstressed (Examples: wonderful) • Spondee • stressed + stressed (Example: sidewalk)

31. Sound Devices • Rhythm • Meter refers to the number of feet per line. • Monometer = 1 foot per line • Dimeter = 2 feet per line • Trimeter = 3 feet per line • Tetrameter = 4 feet per line • Pentameter = 5 feet per line • Hexameter = 6 feet per line

32. Sound Devices • Rhythm • Iambic pentameter • iamb = | unstressed + stressed | • pentameter = 5 feet • iambic pentameter = | / - | / - | / - | / - | / - | / - |