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GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS. Modified by Niti Mankhemthong 11/12/10. TA : Niti Mankhemthong Office Hour: Monday 10:30-11:30 AM @room GEOL306B or by an appointment Contact E-mail: niti.ace@gmail.com or nmankhemthong@miners.utep.edu. Outline for this lab

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GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

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  1. GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS Modified by Niti Mankhemthong 11/12/10 TA : NitiMankhemthongOffice Hour: Monday 10:30-11:30 AM @room GEOL306Bor by an appointmentContact E-mail: niti.ace@gmail.com or nmankhemthong@miners.utep.edu

  2. Outline for this lab • Geographic coordinate system and the world map • Plate tectonics • Topographic map and profile

  3. Geographic coordinate system Arctic Circle: 66° 33′ 39″ N Tropic of Cancer: 23° 26′ 21″ N Equator: 0° Latitude Tropic of Capricorn 23° 26′ 21″ S Antarctic Circle: 66° 33′ 39" S http://www.reformation.org/large-prime-meridian.jpg

  4. Plate tectonics Plate tectonics is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png

  5. Journey to the Center of the Earth http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/journey/journey.htm Earth Structures http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukqe_6L9V54 Tectonics http://serc.carleton.edu/margins/minilessons/PTLandforms.html

  6. Plate Tectonics Map • Discussion: • Where would you suspect earthquake hypocenters to be located? • What engineering problems may occur on or near the plate boundaries? • What are the possible scenarios for plate boundary interaction, or how do the • plates move with respect to each other?

  7. Video of Plate Movements • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYbTNFN3NBo&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYVS_Yh6dTk&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLJLFYXp-0Q&feature=related

  8. Topographic Maps profile - Definition - Features - Elements - Contour lines - Cross-section representation - Exercise

  9. Definition of Topographic Maps 1. A graphical representation of the three dimensional shape of the earth’s surface. 2. A reduced, simplified, categorized/classified, symbolized and annotated representation of the earth’s surface which has been projected on a horizontal plane.

  10. Features of Topographic Maps TOPOGRAPHY (RELIEF): - printed in brown - contour lines shows hills, mountains, plains, etc. WATER FEATURES: - printed in blue - includes oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, canals, etc. CULTURE: - printed in black - human-make works such as roads, railroads, buildings, land boundaries, etc.

  11. Features of Topographic Maps Relationship between 3D and 2D representation 3D view 2D view

  12. Topographic map Where do you find the map name, scale, date, magnetic declination, and the names of adjacent maps?

  13. Title and Location MAP TITLE

  14. Title and Location QUADRANGLE LOCATION

  15. Declination True North (Through the Poles) Magnetic North

  16. Map design Other Information

  17. What is the difference between lines of latitude and longitude?

  18. Earth's Surface Location Coordinates Position on the surface of a sphere is most easily described by angle from the pole (N-S position), and from some defined 'prime meridian' (E-W position). These are usually given as: - parallels - latitude (angle from equator) - meridians -longitude (angle from Greenwich, England) So: Latitudes are a family of lines drawn on the globe parallel to the equator. Longitudes are circles drawn on the globe that pass through the two poles.

  19. Latitude and Longitude Generalized system of meridians and parallels http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ks3_geography/maps_atlases/imagesetc/latitudelongitude.jpg www. factmonster.com

  20. What is the difference between degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS)? • There are several ways to measure the size of an angle. One way is to use units of degrees. (Radian measure is another way.) • In a complete circle there are three hundred and sixty degrees. • In a full circle there are 360 degrees.Each degree is split up into 60 parts, each part being 1/60 of a degree.  • These parts are called minutes. • Each minute is split up into 60 parts, each part being 1/60 of a minute. These parts are called seconds.

  21. Minute degree vs. Decimal degree • The size of an angle could be stated this way: 40 degrees, 20 minutes, 50 seconds. • There are symbols that are used when stating angles using degrees, minutes, and seconds. Those symbols are show in the following table. • So, the angle of 40 degrees, 20 minutes, 50 seconds is usually written this way: • How could you state the above as an angle using common decimal notation? The angle would be this many degrees, (* means times.): 40 + (20 * 1/60) + (50 * 1/60 * 1/60) • That is, we have 40 full degrees, 20 minutes - each 1/60 of a degree, and 50 seconds - each 1/60 of 1/60 of a degree. • Work that out and you will get a decimal number of degrees.  It's 40.34722...

  22. Projection DEFINITION The process of constructing a map, the transferring of the meridians and parallels to a flat sheet of paper. The resulting product of this geometric exercise is called a 'map projection'. This can be done in a wide variety of ways, the principle differences being projections that show accurate area over the entire map, and those that show accurate distance.

  23. Type of Projections Transformation from lat/long to a flat surface

  24. Projections: Equal Distance vs. Area Equal Area Cylindrical Equidistant Cylindrical

  25. Orthographic Projection: Orbital View Othographical

  26. UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator • Cylindrical (transverse) • Conformal • Scale is true along Central Meridian • Used extensively for quadrangle maps at scales of 24,000 from 250,000 • 60 zones, 6 degrees each.

  27. UTM Zones of the Lower 48

  28. What does the scale represent on a map?

  29. Map Scale Definition A means of showing the relationship between the size of an object or feature indicated on a map and the actual size of the object on the ground. Scale is expressed as a ratio, such as 1:24,000 (i.e. 1 unit on the map equal 24,000 units on the ground) and shown graphically by Scale bars marked in feet and miles or meters and kilometers.

  30. 1 0 1 2 3 4 Miles Scale Types Fractional scale: - is a fixed ratio between linear map and corresponding distances on the ground. It is sometimes called the representative fractionor R.F. Example: R.F. 1:62,500 Graphical scale: - is simply a line or bar drawn on the map and divided into units that represent ground distances. Example: Verbal scale: - is a convenient way of stating the relationship of map distance to ground distance. Example: 1 inch equals 1 mile measurements on the

  31. Scale Decreasing Detail Increasing Coverage 1:24,000 scale 1:100,000 scale 1:125,000 scale

  32. Legend

  33. What do contour lines represent?

  34. Contour lines DEFINITION A contour line is an imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of equal elevation. Topography is the configuration of the land surface and is shown by means of contour lines. The contour interval (C.I.) is the difference in elevation between any two adjacent contour lines.

  35. Mean Sea Level Sanger is 669 feet above sea level. The city of New Orleans is 6.5 feet below sea level. What does sea level mean?

  36. Notice the two high points on the island. What is the elevation of the two high points?

  37. Test!! Test!!! What is the elevation of Point A, B, C, and D?

  38. Contour lines Relationship between topographic features and contour lines

  39. General Features of Contour Lines - contour lines connect points of equal elevation - steep slopes are shown by closely spaced contour lines - gentle slopes are shown by widely spaced contour lines • contour lines do not intersect, branch or cross, except in a vertical or overhanging cliff. - when contour lines cross streams they bend upstream; that is, the contour line forms a 'V' with the apex at the intersection with the stream, and pointing in an upstream direction. - closed contours appearing on the map as ellipses or circles represent hills or knobs. - closed contours with hatchures, short lines pointing toward the center of the closure represent closed depressions.

  40. Topographic Profiles DEFINITION - A topographic profile is a diagram that shows the change in elevation of the land surface along any given line. - It graphically represents the 'skyline' as viewed from a distance.

  41. Topographic Profile

  42. Topographic Profile Constructing a Topographic Profile Pick the profile perpendicular to major contour lines

  43. Topographic Profile Constructing a Topographic Profile

  44. Another demonstration for constructing topographic profile

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