Newton’s Laws

1. Newton’s Laws The Study of Dynamics

2. Isaac Newton • Arguably the greatest physical genius ever. • Came up with 3 Laws of Motion to explain the observations and analyses of Galileo and Johannes Kepler. • Invented Calculus. • Published his Laws in 1687 in the book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

3. What is Force? • A force is a push or pull on an object. • Forces cause an object to accelerate… • To speed up • To slow down • To change direction

4. Newton’s First Law • The Law of Inertia. • A body in motion stays in motion at constant velocity and a body at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force. • This law is commonly applied to the horizontal component of velocity, which is assumed not to change during the flight of a projectile.

5. The First Law is Counterintuitive Aristotle firmly believed this. But Physics B students know better!

6. A force diagram illustrating no net force

7. A force diagram illustrating no net force

8. A force diagram illustrating no net force

9. A force diagram illustrating no net force

10. Another example illustrating no net force

11. Newton’s Second Law • A body accelerates when acted upon by a net external force. • The acceleration is proportional to the net force and is in the direction which the net force acts. • This law is commonly applied to the vertical component of velocity.

12. Newton’s Second Law • ∑F = ma • where ∑F is the net force measured in Newtons (N) • m is mass (kg) • a is acceleration (m/s2)

13. Units of force • Newton (SI system) • 1 N = 1 kg m /s2 • 1 N is the force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at a rate of 1 m/s2 • Pound (British system) • 1 lb = 1 slug ft /s2

14. Newton’s Third Law • For every action there exists an equal and opposite reaction. • If A exerts a force F on B, then B exerts a force of -F on A.

15. FL FM 20 kg Working a Newton’s 2nd Law Problem Step 1:Draw the problem Larry pushes a 20 kg block on a frictionless floor at a 45o angle below the horizontal with a force of 150 N while Moe pulls the same block horizontally with a force of 120 N. What is acceleration?

16. N N FM FL FM 20 kg FL FG FG Working a Newton’s 2nd Law Problem Step 2:Diagram • Force diagram • Free Body diagram

17. Working a Newton’s 2nd Law Problem Step 3:Set up equations • F = ma • Fx = max • Fy = may Always resolve two-dimensional problems into two one-dimensional problems.

18. Working a Newton’s 2nd Law Problem Step 4:Substitute • Make a list of givens from the word problem. • Substitute in what you know.

19. Working a Newton’s 2nd Law Problem Step 5:Solve • Plug-n-chug. • Calculate your unknowns. • Sometimes you’ll need to do kimematic calculations following the Newton’s 2nd law calculations.

20. Gravity as an accelerating force A very commonly used accelerating force is gravity. Here is gravity in action. The acceleration is g.

21. Gravity as an accelerating force In the absence of air resistance, gravity acts upon all objects by causing the same acceleration…g.

22. Gravity as an accelerating force The pulley lets us use gravity as our accelerating force… but a lot slower than free fall. Acceleration here is a lot lower than g.

23. N FL FM 20 kg FG 2-Dimensional problem Larry pushes a 20 kg block on a frictionless floor at a 45o angle below the horizontal with a force of 150 N while Moe pulls the same block horizontally with a force of 120 N. a) What is the acceleration? b) What is the normal force?

24. The problem of weight Are weight and mass the same thing? • No. Weight can be defined as the force due to gravitation attraction. • W = mg

25. N mg Flat surfaces – 1 D N = mg for objects resting on horizontal surfaces.

26. N mgsin mgcos  mg  Ramps – 2 D The normal force is perpendicular to angled ramps as well. It’s always equal to the component of weight perpendicular to the surface. N = mgcos

27. N mgsin mgcos  mg  Ramps – 2 D How long will it take a 1.0 kg block to slide down a frictionless 20 m long ramp that is at a 15o angle with the horizontal? N = mgcos

28. Applied forces affect normal force. friction applied force weight normal N = applied force

29. V > 0 A > 0 V = 0 A = 0 V > 0 A = 0 V > 0 A < 0 Heavy feeling Normal feeling Normal feeling Light feeling N N N N mg mg mg mg Between floors Ground floor Just starting up Arriving at top floor Elevator Ride – going up!

30. V < 0 A > 0 V = 0 A = 0 V < 0 A = 0 V < 0 A < 0 Heavy feeling Normal feeling Normal feeling Light feeling N N N N mg mg mg mg Between floors Top floor Arriving at Ground floor Beginning descent Elevator Ride – going down!

31. Friction • The force that opposes a sliding motion. • Enables us to walk, drive a car, etc. • Due to microscopic irregularities in even the smoothest of surfaces.

32. There are two types of friction Static friction • exists before sliding occurs • Kinetic friction • exists after sliding occurs • In general fk <= fs

33. Friction and the Normal Force • The frictional force which exists between two surfaces is directly proportional to the normal force. • That’s why friction on a sloping surface is less than friction on a flat surface.

34. Static Friction • fssN • fs : static frictional force (N) • s: coefficient of static friction • N: normal force (N) • Static friction increases as the force trying to push an object increases… up to a point!

35. A force diagram illustrating Static Friction Normal Force Frictional Force Applied Force Gravity

36. A force diagram illustrating Static Friction Normal Force Bigger Applied Force Bigger Frictional Force Gravity

37. A force diagram illustrating Static Friction The forces on the book are now UNBALANCED! Normal Force Frictional Force Even Bigger Applied Force Gravity Static friction cannot get any larger, and can no longer completely oppose the applied force.

38. Kinetic Friction • fk=kN • fk : kinetic frictional force (N) • k: coefficient of kinetic friction • N: normal force (N) • Kinetic friction (sliding friction) is generally less than static friction (motionless friction) for most surfaces.

39. Determination of the Coefficients of Friction Coefficient of Static Friction • Set a block of one material on an incline plane made of the other material. • Slowly increase angle of plane until the block just begins to move. Record this angle. • Calculate s = tan.

40. Determination of the Coefficients of Friction Coefficient of Kinetic Friction • Set a block of one material on an incline plane made of the other material. • Slowly increase angle of plane until the block just begins to move at constant speed after giving it a slight tap. Record this angle. • Calculate k = tan.

41. N T mg T -x mg x Magic Pulleys m1 m2

42. Pulley problem Mass 1 (10 kg) rests on a frictionless table connected by a string to Mass 2 (5 kg). Find (a) the acceleration of each block and, (b) the tension in the connecting string. m1 m2

43. Pulley problem Mass 1 (10 kg) rests on a table connected by a string to Mass 2 (5 kg) as shown. What must the minimum coefficient of static friction be to keep Mass 1 from slipping? m1 m2

44. Pulley problem Mass 1 (10 kg) rests on a table connected by a string to Mass 2 (5 kg). If ms = 0.3 and mk = 0.2, what is a) the acceleration and b) the tension in the string? m1 m2