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Optical Character Recognition for Logistics Reporting. Contributors: Joy Kamunyori, Mike Frost, Ashraf Islam A recording of the WebEx session can be found here: https://jsi.webex.com/jsi/lsr.php?AT=pb&SP=MC&rID=75382732&rKey=f3bc9ca3232b8b42. Testing Methodology. Perform & Document.
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Optical Character Recognition for Logistics Reporting Contributors: Joy Kamunyori, Mike Frost, Ashraf Islam A recording of the WebEx session can be found here: https://jsi.webex.com/jsi/lsr.php?AT=pb&SP=MC&rID=75382732&rKey=f3bc9ca3232b8b42
Testing Methodology Perform & Document Select Tools Collect Forms
OCR Tools OmniPage Professional 18 (desktop-based, licensed) Abbyy FineReader 11 (desktop-based, licensed) Tesseract-OCR (desktop-based, open-source) Evernote (mobile phone–based, free) Captricity (web-based, paid)
Testing Protocol • Pass field-filled logistics management information system (LMIS) form through application • Fill out blank LMIS form carefully and pass through • Record number of correctly vs. incorrectly identified fields (numeric) • Calculate character recognition accuracy rates.
OmniPage Professional 18 • Licensed tool—$499.99 • General impressions: • Easy to use after initial orientation • Fast processing (less than 1 minute) • Can verify/validate recognized text
OmniPage Professional 18 Accuracy rates (numerical fields): • Forms filled out in the field: • TZ essential medicines: 13% • TZ supplementary form: 21% • Forms filled out by tester: • TZ essential medicines: 53% • TZ supplementary form: 76%
Abbyy FineReader 11 • Licensed tool—$169.99 • General impressions: • Easy to use after initial orientation—harder to learn to use than OmniPage • Fast processing (1–3 mins) • Can verify/validate recognized text
Abbyy FineReader 11 Accuracy rates (numerical fields): • Forms filled out in the field: • TZ essential medicines: 10% • TZ supplementary form: 10% • Forms filled out by tester: • TZ essential medicines: 39% • TZ supplementary form: 43%.
Tesseract-OCR • Open-source tool • General impressions: • Does not have a graphical user interface • Is a command line tool—needs to be run from command line • Difficult for users who do not know command line use • Requires input file in image format (i.e., .png, .jpg)
Tesseract-OCR In the example below, we ran Tesseract with a scanned image file and an output file to hold the recognized text:
Interface Program install location Program name Scanned image Output text file name
Evernote Can send pictures of documents Not useful for character recognition or data entry Allows tagging on the image, e.g., district/facility
Captricity • Web-based, paid service • Offers several tiers of pricing: • “Pay as you go”—$0.01 per field • Discounts as number of fields increase • “Premier” tier—$335/month for 50,000 fields • $0.0067 per field • “Enterprise” tier—custom tier, depending on volume • provides dedicated account manager and support • volume discounts.
Captricity Process: • User creates template for form • System creates digital fingerprint from template • Compares uploaded form to digital fingerprint • Fixes skews, or flips form, if needed • Does human validation field-by-field • never see the entire form • preserves privacy • Output in .csv file.
Captricity General impressions: • Initially, time intensive • must separate forms into single files, per page • must set up templates for each page, e.g., one page form took 10 minutes to create • Requires Internet connection • Approximately 24-hour turnaround for first time • turnaround time is reduced after first processing.
Captricity: Accuracy rates (numerical fields) • Forms filled out in the field: • TZ essential medicines: 65% • TZ supplementary form: 99% • Zimantiretrovirals: 52% • Forms filled out by tester: • TZ essential medicines: 98% • TZ supplementary form: 100% • Zimantiretrovirals: 98%
Research conclusion: Captricity looks most promising Digging deeper…
Captricity Positives • Shows best results • Validation of output is critical • Fast turnaround time • Digitization is accurate • data entry staff did not introduce new errors • Cloud storage can store data indefinitely • Output in .csv format (readable by a database).
Captricity Negatives • Requires Internet connection; must be used at higher levels of supply chain • Set up is time-intensive; must— • split up forms • create templates • rotate to landscape • Validation/reconciliation can be time consuming • Cost can be high, but discounts available for high volume • Cheaper than hiring data entry clerks?
Use Case 1 Central database District: Upload and verify SDP/CHW: Send paper report
Use Case 2 Central database District: Upload and verify SDP/CHW: Take photo of form
Use Case 3 Central database Central: Upload and verify District: Aggregate reports SDP/CHW: Send paper report